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bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine bitartrate
Overview
What is Vivacaine?
Bupivacaine hydrochloride is (±) -1-Butyl-2', 6'-pipecoloxylidide monohydrochloride, monohydrate, a white crystalline powder that is freely soluble in 95 percent ethanol, soluble in water, and slightly soluble in chloroform or acetone. It has the following structural formula:
Epinephrine is (-)-3, 4-Dihydroxy-α-[(methylamino)-methyl] benzyl alcohol. It has the following structural formula:
Bupivacaine is available in a sterile isotonic solution with epinephrine 1:200,000. Solutions of bupivacaine containing epinephrine may not be autoclaved.
Bupivacaine is related chemically and pharmacologically to the aminoacyl local anesthetics. It is a homologue of mepivacaine and is chemically related to lidocaine. All three of these anesthetics contain an amide linkage between the aromatic nucleus and the amino or piperidine group. They differ in this respect from the procaine-type local anesthetics, which have an ester linkage.
What does Vivacaine look like?
What are the available doses of Vivacaine?
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What should I talk to my health care provider before I take Vivacaine?
Sorry No records found
How should I use Vivacaine?
Vivacaine™ (bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injection, USP) is indicated for the production of local anesthesia for dental procedures by infiltration injection or nerve block in adults.
Vivacaine™ (bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injection, USP) is not recommended for children.
As with all anesthetics, the dosage varies and depends upon the area to be anesthetized, the vascularity of the tissues, the number of neuronal segments to be blocked, individual tolerance, and the technique of anesthesia. The lowest dosage needed to provide effective anesthesia should be administered. For specific techniques and procedures, refer to standard textbooks.
The 0.5% concentration with epinephrine is recommended for infiltration and block injection in the maxillary and mandibular area when a longer duration of local anesthetic action is desired, such as for oral surgical procedures generally associated with significant postoperative pain. The average dose of 1.8 mL (9 mg) per injection site will usually suffice; an occasional second dose of 1.8 mL (9 mg) may be used if necessary to produce adequate anesthesia after making allowance for 2 to 10 minutes onset time (see ). The lowest effective dose should be employed and time should be allowed between injections; it is recommended that the total dose for all injection sites, spread out over a single dental sitting, should not ordinarily exceed 90 mg for a healthy adult patient (ten 1.8 mL injections of bupivacaine with epinephrine). Injections should be made slowly and with frequent aspirations. Until further experience is gained, bupivacaine in dentistry is not recommended for children younger than 12 years.
Parental drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
What interacts with Vivacaine?
Vivacaine™ (bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injection, USP) is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to it or to any local anesthetic agent of the amide type or to other components of Vivacaine™ (bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injection, USP) solutions.
What are the warnings of Vivacaine?
If corticosteroids are indicated in patients with latent tuberculosis or tuberculin reactivity, close observation is necessary as reactivation of the disease may occur. During prolonged corticosteroid therapy, these patients should receive chemoprophylaxis.
LOCAL ANESTHETICS SHOULD BE EMPLOYED ONLY BY CLINICIANS WHO ARE WELL VERSED IN DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF DOSE-RELATED TOXICITY AND OTHER ACUTE EMERGENCIES WHICH MIGHT ARISE FROM THE BLOCK TO BE EMPLOYED, AND THEN ONLY AFTER INSURING THE AVAILABILITY OF OXYGEN, OTHER RESUSCITATIVE DRUGS, CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATIVE EQUIPMENT, AND THE PERSONNEL RESOURCES NEEDED FOR PROPER MANAGEMENT OF TOXIC REACTIONS AND RELATED EMERGENCIES. (See also and .) DELAY IN PROPER MANAGEMENT OF DOSE-RELATED TOXICITY, UNDERVENTILATION FROM ANY CAUSE, AND/OR ALTERED SENSITIVITY MAY LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACIDOSIS, CARDIAC ARREST AND, POSSIBLY, DEATH.
Small doses of local anesthetics injected into the head and neck area, as small as nine to eighteen milligrams, may produce adverse reactions similar to systemic toxicity seen with unintentional intravascular injections of larger doses. Confusion, convulsions, respiratory depression, and/or respiratory arrest, cardiovascular stimulation or depression and cardiac arrest have been reported. Reactions resulting in fatalities have occurred on rare occasions. In a few cases, resuscitation has been difficult or impossible despite apparently adequate preparation and appropriate management. These reactions may be due to intra-arterial injection of the local anesthetic with retrograde flow to the cerebral circulation. Patients receiving these blocks should have their circulation and respiration monitored and be constantly observed. Resuscitative equipment and personnel for treating adverse reactions should be immediately available. Dosage recommendations should not be exceeded (see ).
It is essential that aspiration for blood or cerebrospinal fluid (where applicable) be done prior to injecting any local anesthetic, both the original dose and all subsequent doses, to avoid intravascular injection. However, a negative aspiration does not ensure against an intravascular injection.
Reactions resulting in fatality have occurred on rare occasions with the use of local anesthetics, even in the absence of a history of hypersensitivity.
This solution, which contains a vasoconstrictor, should be used with extreme caution for patients whose medical history and physical evaluation suggest the existence of hypertension, arteriosclerotic heart disease, cerebral vascular insufficiency, heart block, thyrotoxicosis and diabetes, etc., as well as patients receiving drugs likely to produce alterations in blood pressure.
Bupivacaine with epinephrine 1:200,000 or other vasopressors should not be used concomitantly with ergot-type oxytocic drugs, because a severe persistent hypertension may occur. Likewise, solutions of bupivacaine containing a vasoconstrictor, such as epinephrine, should be used with extreme caution in patients receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) or antidepressants of the triptyline or imipramine types, because severe prolonged hypertension may result.
Until further experience is gained in children younger than 12 years, administration of bupivacaine in this age group is not recommended.
Contains sodium metabisulfite, a sulfite that may cause allergic-type reactions including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in certain susceptible people. The overall prevalence of sulfite sensitivity in the general population is unknown and probably low. Sulfite sensitivity is seen more frequently in asthmatic than in nonasthmatic people.
Vivacaine™ (bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injection, USP), along with other local anesthetics, is capable of producing methemoglobinemia. The clinical signs of methemoglobinemia are cyanosis of the nail beds and lips, fatigue and weakness. If methemoglobinemia does not respond to administration of oxygen, administration of methylene blue intravenously 1-2 mg/kg body weight over a 5 minute period is recommended.
The American Heart Association has made the following recommendations regarding the use of local anesthetics with vasoconstrictors in patients with ischemic heart disease: "Vasoconstrictor agents should be used in local anesthesia solutions during dental practice only when it is clear that the procedure will be shortened or the analgesia rendered more profound. When a vasoconstrictor is indicated, extreme care should be taken to avoid intravascular injection. The minimum possible amount of vasoconstrictor should be used." (Kaplan, EL, editor: Cardiovascular disease in dental practice, Dallas 1986, American Heart Association.)
What are the precautions of Vivacaine?
The safety and effectiveness of local anesthetics depend upon proper dosage, correct technique, adequate precautions, and readiness for emergencies.
The lowest dosage that gives effective anesthesia should be used in order to avoid high plasma levels and serious systemic side effects. Injection of repeated doses of bupivacaine may cause significant increase in blood levels with each additional dose, due to accumulation of the drug or its metabolites or due to slow metabolic degradation. Tolerance varies with the status of the patient.
Debilitated, elderly patients and acutely ill patients should be given reduced doses commensurate with age and physical condition.
Because of the long duration of anesthesia, when bupivacaine with epinephrine is used for dental injections, patients should be cautioned about the possibility of inadvertent trauma to tongue, lips, and buccal mucosa and advised not to chew solid foods or test the anesthetized area by biting or probing.
Changes in sensorium, such as excitation, disorientation, drowsiness, may be early indications of a high blood level of the drug and may occur following inadvertent intravascular administration or rapid absorption of bupivacaine.
Solutions containing a vasoconstrictor should be used cautiously in areas with limited blood supply, in the presence of diseases that may adversely affect the patient's cardiovascular system, or in patients with peripheral vascular disease.
Caution is advised in administration of repeat doses of bupivacaine to patients with severe liver disease.
Local anesthetic procedures should be used with caution when there is inflammation and/or sepsis in the region of the proposed injection.
Drug Interactions
See concerning solutions containing a vasoconstrictor.
If sedatives are employed to reduce patient apprehension, use reduced doses, since local anesthetic agents, like sedatives, are central nervous system depressants which in combination may have an additive effect.
Vivacaine™ (bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injection, USP) should be used cautiously in persons with known drug allergies or sensitivities, particularly to the amide-type local anesthetics.
Serious dose-related cardiac arrhythmias may occur if preparations containing a vasoconstrictor such as epinephrine are employed in patients during or following the administration of chloroform, halothane, cyclopropane, trichloroethylene, or other related agents. In deciding whether to use these products concurrently in the same patient, the combined action of both agents upon the myocardium, the concentration and volume of vasoconstrictor used, and the time since injection, when applicable, should be taken into account.
Information for Patients
When appropriate, the dentist should discuss information including adverse reactions in the package insert for Vivacaine™ (bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injection, USP).
Clinically Significant Drug Interactions
The administration of local anesthetic solutions containing epinephrine or norepinephrine to patients receiving mono-amine oxidase inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants may produce severe, prolonged hypertension. Concurrent use of these agents should generally be avoided. In situations when concurrent therapy is necessary, careful patient monitoring is essential.
Concurrent administration of vasopressor drugs and of ergot-type oxytocic drugs may cause severe, persistent hypertension or cerebrovascular accidents.
Phenothiazines and butyrophenones may reduce or reverse the pressor effect of epinephrine.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Long-term studies in animals of most local anesthetics including bupivacaine to evaluate the carcinogenic potential have not been conducted. Mutagenic potential or the effect on fertility has not been determined. There is no evidence from human data that bupivacaine may be carcinogenic or mutagenic or that it impairs fertility.
Decreased pup survival in rats and an embryocidal effect in rabbits have been observed when bupivacaine hydrochloride was administered to these species in doses comparable to nine and five times respectively the maximum recommended daily human dose (400 mg). There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women of the effect of bupivacaine on the developing fetus. Bupivacaine hydrochloride should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. This does not exclude the use of bupivacaine at term for obstetrical anesthesia or analgesia.
Nursing Mothers
It is not known whether local anesthetic drugs are excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when local anesthetics are administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric Use
Until further experience is gained in children younger than 12 years, administration of bupivacaine in this age group is not recommended.
What are the side effects of Vivacaine?
Reactions to Vivacaine™ (bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injection, USP) are characteristic of those associated with other amide-type local anesthetics. Adverse reactions to this group of drugs may also result from excessive plasma levels (which may be due to overdosage, inadvertent intravascular injection, or slow metabolic degradation), injection technique, volume of injection, hypersensitivity, or may be idiosyncratic.
Excessive plasma levels of the amide-type local anesthetics cause systemic reactions involving the and the cardiovascular system. The central nervous system effects are characterized by excitation or depression. The first manifestation may be nervousness, dizziness, blurred vision, or tremors, followed by drowsiness, convulsions, unconsciousness, and possibly respiratory arrest. Since excitement may be transient or absent, the first manifestation may be drowsiness, sometimes merging into unconsciousness and respiratory arrest. Other central nervous system effects may be nausea, vomiting, chills, constriction of the pupils, or tinnitus. The of excessive plasma levels may include depression of the myocardium, blood pressure changes (usually hypotension), and cardiac arrest. , which may be due to hypersensitivity, idiosyncrasy, or diminished tolerance, are characterized by cutaneous lesions (e.g., urticaria), edema, and other manifestations of allergy. Detection of sensitivity by skin testing is of doubtful value. Transient facial swelling and puffiness may occur near the injection site.
Persistent paresthesias of the lips, tongue, and oral tissues have been reported with the use of bupivacaine, with slow, incomplete, or no recovery. These post-marketing events have been reported chiefly following nerve blocks in the mandible and have involved the trigeminal nerve and its branches.
Treatment of Reactions
Toxic effects of local anesthetics require symptomatic treatment; there is no specific cure. The dentist should be prepared to maintain an airway and to support ventilation with oxygen and assisted or controlled respiration as required. Supportive treatment of the cardiovascular system includes intravenous fluids and, when appropriate, vasopressors (preferably those that stimulate the myocardium). Convulsions may be controlled with oxygen and intravenous administration, in small increments, of a barbiturate, as follows: preferably, an ultra-short-acting barbiturate such as thiopental or thiamylal; if this is not available, a short-acting barbiturate (e.g., secobarbital or pentobarbital) or diazepam. Intravenous barbiturates or anticonvulsant agents should only be administered by those familiar with their use.
What should I look out for while using Vivacaine?
Vivacaine™ (bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injection, USP) is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to it or to any local anesthetic agent of the amide type or to other components of Vivacaine™ (bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injection, USP) solutions.
LOCAL ANESTHETICS SHOULD BE EMPLOYED ONLY BY CLINICIANS WHO ARE WELL VERSED IN DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF DOSE-RELATED TOXICITY AND OTHER ACUTE EMERGENCIES WHICH MIGHT ARISE FROM THE BLOCK TO BE EMPLOYED, AND THEN ONLY AFTER INSURING THE AVAILABILITY OF OXYGEN, OTHER RESUSCITATIVE DRUGS, CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATIVE EQUIPMENT, AND THE PERSONNEL RESOURCES NEEDED FOR PROPER MANAGEMENT OF TOXIC REACTIONS AND RELATED EMERGENCIES. (See also and .) DELAY IN PROPER MANAGEMENT OF DOSE-RELATED TOXICITY, UNDERVENTILATION FROM ANY CAUSE, AND/OR ALTERED SENSITIVITY MAY LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACIDOSIS, CARDIAC ARREST AND, POSSIBLY, DEATH.
Small doses of local anesthetics injected into the head and neck area, as small as nine to eighteen milligrams, may produce adverse reactions similar to systemic toxicity seen with unintentional intravascular injections of larger doses. Confusion, convulsions, respiratory depression, and/or respiratory arrest, cardiovascular stimulation or depression and cardiac arrest have been reported. Reactions resulting in fatalities have occurred on rare occasions. In a few cases, resuscitation has been difficult or impossible despite apparently adequate preparation and appropriate management. These reactions may be due to intra-arterial injection of the local anesthetic with retrograde flow to the cerebral circulation. Patients receiving these blocks should have their circulation and respiration monitored and be constantly observed. Resuscitative equipment and personnel for treating adverse reactions should be immediately available. Dosage recommendations should not be exceeded (see ).
It is essential that aspiration for blood or cerebrospinal fluid (where applicable) be done prior to injecting any local anesthetic, both the original dose and all subsequent doses, to avoid intravascular injection. However, a negative aspiration does not ensure against an intravascular injection.
Reactions resulting in fatality have occurred on rare occasions with the use of local anesthetics, even in the absence of a history of hypersensitivity.
This solution, which contains a vasoconstrictor, should be used with extreme caution for patients whose medical history and physical evaluation suggest the existence of hypertension, arteriosclerotic heart disease, cerebral vascular insufficiency, heart block, thyrotoxicosis and diabetes, etc., as well as patients receiving drugs likely to produce alterations in blood pressure.
Bupivacaine with epinephrine 1:200,000 or other vasopressors should not be used concomitantly with ergot-type oxytocic drugs, because a severe persistent hypertension may occur. Likewise, solutions of bupivacaine containing a vasoconstrictor, such as epinephrine, should be used with extreme caution in patients receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) or antidepressants of the triptyline or imipramine types, because severe prolonged hypertension may result.
Until further experience is gained in children younger than 12 years, administration of bupivacaine in this age group is not recommended.
Contains sodium metabisulfite, a sulfite that may cause allergic-type reactions including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in certain susceptible people. The overall prevalence of sulfite sensitivity in the general population is unknown and probably low. Sulfite sensitivity is seen more frequently in asthmatic than in nonasthmatic people.
Vivacaine™ (bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injection, USP), along with other local anesthetics, is capable of producing methemoglobinemia. The clinical signs of methemoglobinemia are cyanosis of the nail beds and lips, fatigue and weakness. If methemoglobinemia does not respond to administration of oxygen, administration of methylene blue intravenously 1-2 mg/kg body weight over a 5 minute period is recommended.
The American Heart Association has made the following recommendations regarding the use of local anesthetics with vasoconstrictors in patients with ischemic heart disease: "Vasoconstrictor agents should be used in local anesthesia solutions during dental practice only when it is clear that the procedure will be shortened or the analgesia rendered more profound. When a vasoconstrictor is indicated, extreme care should be taken to avoid intravascular injection. The minimum possible amount of vasoconstrictor should be used." (Kaplan, EL, editor: Cardiovascular disease in dental practice, Dallas 1986, American Heart Association.)
What might happen if I take too much Vivacaine?
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How should I store and handle Vivacaine?
Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].Citalopram Tablets USP contain citalopram hydrobromide USP, equivalent to 10, 20 or 40 mg citalopram base.Citalopram Tablets USP 10 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-110-30Tan coloured, round shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘10’ debossed on one side and plain on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 20 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-112-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘2|0’ debossed (‘2’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1010’ on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 40 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-113-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘4|0’ debossed (‘4’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1011’ on the other side.Store at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].Citalopram Tablets USP contain citalopram hydrobromide USP, equivalent to 10, 20 or 40 mg citalopram base.Citalopram Tablets USP 10 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-110-30Tan coloured, round shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘10’ debossed on one side and plain on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 20 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-112-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘2|0’ debossed (‘2’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1010’ on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 40 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-113-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘4|0’ debossed (‘4’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1011’ on the other side.Store at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].Citalopram Tablets USP contain citalopram hydrobromide USP, equivalent to 10, 20 or 40 mg citalopram base.Citalopram Tablets USP 10 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-110-30Tan coloured, round shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘10’ debossed on one side and plain on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 20 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-112-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘2|0’ debossed (‘2’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1010’ on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 40 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-113-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘4|0’ debossed (‘4’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1011’ on the other side.Store at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].Citalopram Tablets USP contain citalopram hydrobromide USP, equivalent to 10, 20 or 40 mg citalopram base.Citalopram Tablets USP 10 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-110-30Tan coloured, round shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘10’ debossed on one side and plain on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 20 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-112-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘2|0’ debossed (‘2’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1010’ on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 40 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-113-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘4|0’ debossed (‘4’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1011’ on the other side.Store at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].Citalopram Tablets USP contain citalopram hydrobromide USP, equivalent to 10, 20 or 40 mg citalopram base.Citalopram Tablets USP 10 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-110-30Tan coloured, round shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘10’ debossed on one side and plain on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 20 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-112-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘2|0’ debossed (‘2’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1010’ on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 40 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-113-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘4|0’ debossed (‘4’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1011’ on the other side.Store at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].Citalopram Tablets USP contain citalopram hydrobromide USP, equivalent to 10, 20 or 40 mg citalopram base.Citalopram Tablets USP 10 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-110-30Tan coloured, round shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘10’ debossed on one side and plain on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 20 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-112-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘2|0’ debossed (‘2’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1010’ on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 40 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-113-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘4|0’ debossed (‘4’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1011’ on the other side.Store at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].Citalopram Tablets USP contain citalopram hydrobromide USP, equivalent to 10, 20 or 40 mg citalopram base.Citalopram Tablets USP 10 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-110-30Tan coloured, round shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘10’ debossed on one side and plain on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 20 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-112-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘2|0’ debossed (‘2’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1010’ on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 40 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-113-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘4|0’ debossed (‘4’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1011’ on the other side.Store at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].Citalopram Tablets USP contain citalopram hydrobromide USP, equivalent to 10, 20 or 40 mg citalopram base.Citalopram Tablets USP 10 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-110-30Tan coloured, round shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘10’ debossed on one side and plain on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 20 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-112-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘2|0’ debossed (‘2’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1010’ on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 40 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-113-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘4|0’ debossed (‘4’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1011’ on the other side.Store at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].Citalopram Tablets USP contain citalopram hydrobromide USP, equivalent to 10, 20 or 40 mg citalopram base.Citalopram Tablets USP 10 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-110-30Tan coloured, round shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘10’ debossed on one side and plain on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 20 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-112-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘2|0’ debossed (‘2’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1010’ on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 40 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-113-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘4|0’ debossed (‘4’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1011’ on the other side.Store at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].Citalopram Tablets USP contain citalopram hydrobromide USP, equivalent to 10, 20 or 40 mg citalopram base.Citalopram Tablets USP 10 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-110-30Tan coloured, round shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘10’ debossed on one side and plain on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 20 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-112-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘2|0’ debossed (‘2’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1010’ on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 40 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-113-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘4|0’ debossed (‘4’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1011’ on the other side.Store at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].Citalopram Tablets USP contain citalopram hydrobromide USP, equivalent to 10, 20 or 40 mg citalopram base.Citalopram Tablets USP 10 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-110-30Tan coloured, round shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘10’ debossed on one side and plain on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 20 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-112-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘2|0’ debossed (‘2’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1010’ on the other side.Citalopram Tablets USP 40 mgBlister of 30 NDC 67046-113-30Tan coloured, oval shaped, biconvex film coated tablets with ‘4|0’ debossed (‘4’ on left side and ‘0’ on right side of the break line) on one side and ‘1011’ on the other side.Store at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Clinical Information
Chemical Structure
No Image foundClinical Pharmacology
Bupivacaine stabilizes the neuronal membrane and prevents the initiation and transmission of nerve impulses, thereby effecting local anesthesia.
The onset of action following dental injections is usually 2 to 10 minutes and anesthesia may last two or three times longer than lidocaine and mepivacaine for dental use, in many patients up to 7 hours. The duration of anesthetic effect is prolonged by the addition of epinephrine 1:200,000.
It has also been noted that there is a period of analgesia that persists after the return of sensation, during which time the need for strong analgesic is reduced.
After injection of bupivacaine for caudal, epidural or peripheral nerve block in man, peak levels of bupivacaine in the blood are reached in 30 to 45 minutes, followed by a decline to insignificant levels during the next three to six hours. Because of its amide structure, bupivacaine is not detoxified by plasma esterases but is detoxified, via conjugation with glucuronic acid, in the liver. When administered in recommended doses and concentrations, bupivacaine does not ordinarily produce irritation or tissue damage, and does not cause methemoglobinemia.
Systemic absorption of local anesthetics produces effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems (CNS). At blood concentrations achieved with normal therapeutic doses, changes in cadiac conduction, excitability, refractoriness, contractility, and peripheral vascular resistance are minimal. However, toxic blood concentrations depress cardiac conduction and excitability, which may lead to atrioventricular block, ventricular arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest, sometimes resulting in fatalities. In addition, myocardial contractility is depressed and peripheral vasodilation occurs, leading to decreased cardiac output and arterial blood pressure. Recent clinical reports and animal research suggest that these cardiovascular changes are more likely to occur after unintended intravascular injection of bupivacaine. Therefore, incremental dosing is necessary.
Following systemic absorption, local anesthetics can produce central nervous system stimulation, depression, or both. Apparent central stimulation is manifested as restlessness, tremors and shivering progressing to convulsions, followed by depression and coma progressing ultimately to respiratory arrest. However, the local anesthetics have a primary depressant effect on the medulla and on higher centers. The depressed stage may occur without a prior excited state.
Non-Clinical Toxicology
Vivacaine™ (bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injection, USP) is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to it or to any local anesthetic agent of the amide type or to other components of Vivacaine™ (bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injection, USP) solutions.LOCAL ANESTHETICS SHOULD BE EMPLOYED ONLY BY CLINICIANS WHO ARE WELL VERSED IN DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF DOSE-RELATED TOXICITY AND OTHER ACUTE EMERGENCIES WHICH MIGHT ARISE FROM THE BLOCK TO BE EMPLOYED, AND THEN ONLY AFTER INSURING THE AVAILABILITY OF OXYGEN, OTHER RESUSCITATIVE DRUGS, CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATIVE EQUIPMENT, AND THE PERSONNEL RESOURCES NEEDED FOR PROPER MANAGEMENT OF TOXIC REACTIONS AND RELATED EMERGENCIES. (See also and .) DELAY IN PROPER MANAGEMENT OF DOSE-RELATED TOXICITY, UNDERVENTILATION FROM ANY CAUSE, AND/OR ALTERED SENSITIVITY MAY LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACIDOSIS, CARDIAC ARREST AND, POSSIBLY, DEATH.
Small doses of local anesthetics injected into the head and neck area, as small as nine to eighteen milligrams, may produce adverse reactions similar to systemic toxicity seen with unintentional intravascular injections of larger doses. Confusion, convulsions, respiratory depression, and/or respiratory arrest, cardiovascular stimulation or depression and cardiac arrest have been reported. Reactions resulting in fatalities have occurred on rare occasions. In a few cases, resuscitation has been difficult or impossible despite apparently adequate preparation and appropriate management. These reactions may be due to intra-arterial injection of the local anesthetic with retrograde flow to the cerebral circulation. Patients receiving these blocks should have their circulation and respiration monitored and be constantly observed. Resuscitative equipment and personnel for treating adverse reactions should be immediately available. Dosage recommendations should not be exceeded (see ).
It is essential that aspiration for blood or cerebrospinal fluid (where applicable) be done prior to injecting any local anesthetic, both the original dose and all subsequent doses, to avoid intravascular injection. However, a negative aspiration does not ensure against an intravascular injection.
Reactions resulting in fatality have occurred on rare occasions with the use of local anesthetics, even in the absence of a history of hypersensitivity.
This solution, which contains a vasoconstrictor, should be used with extreme caution for patients whose medical history and physical evaluation suggest the existence of hypertension, arteriosclerotic heart disease, cerebral vascular insufficiency, heart block, thyrotoxicosis and diabetes, etc., as well as patients receiving drugs likely to produce alterations in blood pressure.
Bupivacaine with epinephrine 1:200,000 or other vasopressors should not be used concomitantly with ergot-type oxytocic drugs, because a severe persistent hypertension may occur. Likewise, solutions of bupivacaine containing a vasoconstrictor, such as epinephrine, should be used with extreme caution in patients receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) or antidepressants of the triptyline or imipramine types, because severe prolonged hypertension may result.
Until further experience is gained in children younger than 12 years, administration of bupivacaine in this age group is not recommended.
Contains sodium metabisulfite, a sulfite that may cause allergic-type reactions including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in certain susceptible people. The overall prevalence of sulfite sensitivity in the general population is unknown and probably low. Sulfite sensitivity is seen more frequently in asthmatic than in nonasthmatic people.
Vivacaine™ (bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injection, USP), along with other local anesthetics, is capable of producing methemoglobinemia. The clinical signs of methemoglobinemia are cyanosis of the nail beds and lips, fatigue and weakness. If methemoglobinemia does not respond to administration of oxygen, administration of methylene blue intravenously 1-2 mg/kg body weight over a 5 minute period is recommended.
The American Heart Association has made the following recommendations regarding the use of local anesthetics with vasoconstrictors in patients with ischemic heart disease: "Vasoconstrictor agents should be used in local anesthesia solutions during dental practice only when it is clear that the procedure will be shortened or the analgesia rendered more profound. When a vasoconstrictor is indicated, extreme care should be taken to avoid intravascular injection. The minimum possible amount of vasoconstrictor should be used." (Kaplan, EL, editor: Cardiovascular disease in dental practice, Dallas 1986, American Heart Association.)
See concerning solutions containing a vasoconstrictor.
If sedatives are employed to reduce patient apprehension, use reduced doses, since local anesthetic agents, like sedatives, are central nervous system depressants which in combination may have an additive effect.
Vivacaine™ (bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injection, USP) should be used cautiously in persons with known drug allergies or sensitivities, particularly to the amide-type local anesthetics.
Serious dose-related cardiac arrhythmias may occur if preparations containing a vasoconstrictor such as epinephrine are employed in patients during or following the administration of chloroform, halothane, cyclopropane, trichloroethylene, or other related agents. In deciding whether to use these products concurrently in the same patient, the combined action of both agents upon the myocardium, the concentration and volume of vasoconstrictor used, and the time since injection, when applicable, should be taken into account.
The safety and effectiveness of local anesthetics depend upon proper dosage, correct technique, adequate precautions, and readiness for emergencies.
The lowest dosage that gives effective anesthesia should be used in order to avoid high plasma levels and serious systemic side effects. Injection of repeated doses of bupivacaine may cause significant increase in blood levels with each additional dose, due to accumulation of the drug or its metabolites or due to slow metabolic degradation. Tolerance varies with the status of the patient.
Debilitated, elderly patients and acutely ill patients should be given reduced doses commensurate with age and physical condition.
Because of the long duration of anesthesia, when bupivacaine with epinephrine is used for dental injections, patients should be cautioned about the possibility of inadvertent trauma to tongue, lips, and buccal mucosa and advised not to chew solid foods or test the anesthetized area by biting or probing.
Changes in sensorium, such as excitation, disorientation, drowsiness, may be early indications of a high blood level of the drug and may occur following inadvertent intravascular administration or rapid absorption of bupivacaine.
Solutions containing a vasoconstrictor should be used cautiously in areas with limited blood supply, in the presence of diseases that may adversely affect the patient's cardiovascular system, or in patients with peripheral vascular disease.
Caution is advised in administration of repeat doses of bupivacaine to patients with severe liver disease.
Local anesthetic procedures should be used with caution when there is inflammation and/or sepsis in the region of the proposed injection.
Reactions to Vivacaine™ (bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injection, USP) are characteristic of those associated with other amide-type local anesthetics. Adverse reactions to this group of drugs may also result from excessive plasma levels (which may be due to overdosage, inadvertent intravascular injection, or slow metabolic degradation), injection technique, volume of injection, hypersensitivity, or may be idiosyncratic.
Excessive plasma levels of the amide-type local anesthetics cause systemic reactions involving the and the cardiovascular system. The central nervous system effects are characterized by excitation or depression. The first manifestation may be nervousness, dizziness, blurred vision, or tremors, followed by drowsiness, convulsions, unconsciousness, and possibly respiratory arrest. Since excitement may be transient or absent, the first manifestation may be drowsiness, sometimes merging into unconsciousness and respiratory arrest. Other central nervous system effects may be nausea, vomiting, chills, constriction of the pupils, or tinnitus. The of excessive plasma levels may include depression of the myocardium, blood pressure changes (usually hypotension), and cardiac arrest. , which may be due to hypersensitivity, idiosyncrasy, or diminished tolerance, are characterized by cutaneous lesions (e.g., urticaria), edema, and other manifestations of allergy. Detection of sensitivity by skin testing is of doubtful value. Transient facial swelling and puffiness may occur near the injection site.
Persistent paresthesias of the lips, tongue, and oral tissues have been reported with the use of bupivacaine, with slow, incomplete, or no recovery. These post-marketing events have been reported chiefly following nerve blocks in the mandible and have involved the trigeminal nerve and its branches.
Reference
This information is obtained from the National Institute of Health's Standard Packaging Label drug database.
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Clonazepam Description Each single-scored tablet, for oral administration, contains 0.5 mg, 1 mg, or 2 mg Clonazepam, USP, a benzodiazepine. Each tablet also contains corn starch, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and povidone. Clonazepam tablets USP 0.5 mg contain Yellow D&C No. 10 Aluminum Lake. Clonazepam tablets USP 1 mg contain Yellow D&C No. 10 Aluminum Lake, as well as FD&C Blue No. 1 Aluminum Lake. Chemically, Clonazepam, USP is 5-(o-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-7-nitro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. It is a light yellow crystalline powder. It has the following structural formula: C15H10ClN3O3 M.W. 315.72Tips
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