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Minocycline Hydrochloride
Overview
What is Arestin?
ARESTIN (minocycline hydrochloride) microspheres, 1 mg is a subgingival sustained-release product containing the antibiotic minocycline hydrochloride incorporated into a bioresorbable polymer, Poly (glycolide-co-dl-lactide) or PGLA, for professional subgingival administration into periodontal pockets. Each unit-dose cartridge delivers minocycline hydrochloride equivalent to 1 mg of minocycline free base.
The molecular formula of minocycline hydrochloride is CHNO·HCl, and the molecular weight is 493.94. The structural formula of minocycline hydrochloride is:
What does Arestin look like?
What are the available doses of Arestin?
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What should I talk to my health care provider before I take Arestin?
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How should I use Arestin?
ARESTIN is indicated as an adjunct to scaling and root planing procedures for reduction of pocket depth in patients with adult periodontitis. ARESTIN may be used as part of a periodontal maintenance program which includes good oral hygiene and scaling and root planing.
ARESTIN is provided as a dry powder, packaged in a unit-dose cartridge with a deformable tip (see Figure 1), which is inserted into a spring-loaded cartridge handle mechanism (see Figure 2) to administer the product.
The oral health care professional removes the disposable cartridge from its pouch and connects the cartridge to the handle mechanism (see Figures 3 - 4). ARESTIN is a variable dose product, dependent on the size, shape, and number of pockets being treated. In US clinical trials, up to 122 unit-dose cartridges were used in a single visit and up to 3 treatments, at 3-month intervals, were administered in pockets with pocket depth of 5 mm or greater.
The administration of ARESTIN does not require local anesthesia. Professional subgingival administration is accomplished by inserting the unit-dose cartridge to the base of the periodontal pocket and then pressing the thumb ring in the handle mechanism to expel the powder while gradually withdrawing the tip from the base of the pocket. The handle mechanism should be sterilized between patients. ARESTIN does not have to be removed, as it is bioresorbable, nor is an adhesive or dressing required.
What interacts with Arestin?
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What are the warnings of Arestin?
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What are the precautions of Arestin?
Hypersensitivity Reactions and Hypersensitivity Syndrome
Autoimmune Syndromes
The use of ARESTIN in an acutely abscessed periodontal pocket has not been studied and is not recommended.
While no overgrowth by opportunistic microorganisms, such as yeast, was noted during clinical studies, as with other antimicrobials, the use of ARESTIN may result in overgrowth of non-susceptible microorganisms including fungi. The effects of treatment for greater than 6 months have not been studied.
ARESTIN should be used with caution in patients having a history of predisposition to oral candidiasis. The safety and effectiveness of ARESTIN have not been established for the treatment of periodontitis in patients with coexistent oral candidiasis.
ARESTIN has not been clinically tested in immunocompromised patients (such as those immunocompromised by diabetes, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or infection with HIV).
If superinfection is suspected, appropriate measures should be taken.
ARESTIN has not been clinically tested in pregnant women.
ARESTIN has not been clinically tested for use in the regeneration of alveolar bone, either in preparation for or in conjunction with the placement of endosseous (dental) implants or in the treatment of failing implants.
Information for Patients
After treatment, patients should avoid chewing hard, crunchy, or sticky foods (i.e., carrots, taffy, and gum) with the treated teeth for 1 week, as well as avoid touching treated areas. Patients should also postpone the use of interproximal cleaning devices around the treated sites for 10 days after administration of ARESTIN. Patients should be advised that although some mild to moderate sensitivity is expected during the first week after SRP and administration of ARESTIN, they should notify the dentist promptly if pain, swelling, or other problems occur. Patients should be notified to inform the dentist if itching, swelling, rash, papules, reddening, difficulty breathing, or other signs and symptoms of possible hypersensitivity occur.
Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, Impairment of Fertility
Dietary administration of minocycline in long-term tumorigenicity studies in rats resulted in evidence of thyroid tumor production. Minocycline has also been found to produce thyroid hyperplasia in rats and dogs. In addition, there has been evidence of oncogenic activity in rats in studies with a related antibiotic, oxytetracycline (i.e., adrenal and pituitary tumors). Minocycline demonstrated no potential to cause genetic toxicity in a battery of assays which included a bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test), an mammalian cell gene mutation test (L5178Y/TK mouse lymphoma assay), an mammalian chromosome aberration test, and an in vivo micronucleus assay conducted in ICR mice.
Fertility and general reproduction studies have provided evidence that minocycline impairs fertility in male rats.
Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects:
Array
Labor and Delivery
The effects of tetracyclines on labor and delivery are unknown.
Nursing Mothers
Tetracyclines are excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from the tetracyclines, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother (see ).
Pediatric Use
Since adult periodontitis does not affect children, the safety and effectiveness of ARESTIN in pediatric patients cannot be established.
What are the side effects of Arestin?
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What should I look out for while using Arestin?
ARESTIN should not be used in any patient who has a known sensitivity to minocycline or tetracyclines.
THE USE OF DRUGS OF THE TETRACYCLINE CLASS DURING TOOTH DEVELOPMENT (LAST HALF OF PREGNANCY, INFANCY, AND CHILDHOOD TO THE AGE OF 8 YEARS) MAY CAUSE PERMANENT DISCOLORATION OF THE TEETH (YELLOW-GRAY BROWN). This adverse reaction is more common during long-term use of the drugs, but has been observed following repeated short-term courses. Enamel hypoplasia has also been reported. TETRACYCLINE DRUGS, THEREFORE, SHOULD NOT BE USED IN THIS AGE GROUP, OR IN PREGNANT OR NURSING WOMEN, UNLESS THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS ARE CONSIDERED TO OUTWEIGH THE POTENTIAL RISKS. Results of animal studies indicate that tetracyclines cross the placenta, are found in fetal tissues, and can have toxic effects on the developing fetus (often related to retardation of skeletal development). Evidence of embryotoxicity has also been noted in animals treated early in pregnancy. If any tetracyclines are used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus. Photosensitivity manifested by an exaggerated sunburn reaction has been observed in some individuals taking tetracyclines. Patients apt to be exposed to direct sunlight or ultraviolet light should be advised that this reaction can occur with tetracycline drugs, and treatment should be discontinued at the first evidence of skin erythema.
What might happen if I take too much Arestin?
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How should I store and handle Arestin?
StorageStore at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. StorageStore at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. ARESTIN (minocycline hydrochloride) microspheres, 1 mg is supplied as follows:NDC 65976-100-01 1 unit-dose cartridge with desiccant in a heat-sealed, foil-laminated pouchNDC 65976-100-24 12 unit-dose cartridges in 1 tray with desiccant in a heat-sealed, foil-laminated, resealable pouch. There are 2 pouches in each box.Each unit-dose cartridge contains the product identifier "OP-1."ARESTIN (minocycline hydrochloride) microspheres, 1 mg is supplied as follows:NDC 65976-100-01 1 unit-dose cartridge with desiccant in a heat-sealed, foil-laminated pouchNDC 65976-100-24 12 unit-dose cartridges in 1 tray with desiccant in a heat-sealed, foil-laminated, resealable pouch. There are 2 pouches in each box.Each unit-dose cartridge contains the product identifier "OP-1."ARESTIN (minocycline hydrochloride) microspheres, 1 mg is supplied as follows:NDC 65976-100-01 1 unit-dose cartridge with desiccant in a heat-sealed, foil-laminated pouchNDC 65976-100-24 12 unit-dose cartridges in 1 tray with desiccant in a heat-sealed, foil-laminated, resealable pouch. There are 2 pouches in each box.Each unit-dose cartridge contains the product identifier "OP-1."ARESTIN (minocycline hydrochloride) microspheres, 1 mg is supplied as follows:NDC 65976-100-01 1 unit-dose cartridge with desiccant in a heat-sealed, foil-laminated pouchNDC 65976-100-24 12 unit-dose cartridges in 1 tray with desiccant in a heat-sealed, foil-laminated, resealable pouch. There are 2 pouches in each box.Each unit-dose cartridge contains the product identifier "OP-1."
Clinical Information
Chemical Structure
No Image foundClinical Pharmacology
The mechanism of action of ARESTIN as an adjunct to scaling and root planing procedures for reduction of pocket depth in patients with adult periodontitis is unknown.
Non-Clinical Toxicology
ARESTIN should not be used in any patient who has a known sensitivity to minocycline or tetracyclines.THE USE OF DRUGS OF THE TETRACYCLINE CLASS DURING TOOTH DEVELOPMENT (LAST HALF OF PREGNANCY, INFANCY, AND CHILDHOOD TO THE AGE OF 8 YEARS) MAY CAUSE PERMANENT DISCOLORATION OF THE TEETH (YELLOW-GRAY BROWN). This adverse reaction is more common during long-term use of the drugs, but has been observed following repeated short-term courses. Enamel hypoplasia has also been reported. TETRACYCLINE DRUGS, THEREFORE, SHOULD NOT BE USED IN THIS AGE GROUP, OR IN PREGNANT OR NURSING WOMEN, UNLESS THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS ARE CONSIDERED TO OUTWEIGH THE POTENTIAL RISKS. Results of animal studies indicate that tetracyclines cross the placenta, are found in fetal tissues, and can have toxic effects on the developing fetus (often related to retardation of skeletal development). Evidence of embryotoxicity has also been noted in animals treated early in pregnancy. If any tetracyclines are used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus. Photosensitivity manifested by an exaggerated sunburn reaction has been observed in some individuals taking tetracyclines. Patients apt to be exposed to direct sunlight or ultraviolet light should be advised that this reaction can occur with tetracycline drugs, and treatment should be discontinued at the first evidence of skin erythema.
Effect of Concomitant Use of Benzodiazepines and Opioids
The concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids increases the risk of respiratory depression because of actions at different receptor sites in the CNS that control respiration. Benzodiazepines interact at GABAA sites, and opioids interact primarily at mu receptors. When benzodiazepines and opioids are combined, the potential for benzodiazepines to significantly worsen opioid-related respiratory depression exists. Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation.
Other CNS Depressants
One case was reported of inadequate sedation with chloral hydrate and later with oral midazolam due to a possible interaction with methylphenidate administered chronically in a 2-year-old boy with a history of Williams syndrome. The difficulty in achieving adequate sedation may have been the result of decreased absorption of the sedatives due to both the gastrointestinal effects and stimulant effects of methylphenidate.
The sedative effect of midazolam HCl syrup is accentuated by any concomitantly administered medication which depresses the central nervous system, particularly opioids (e.g., morphine, meperidine, and fentanyl), propofol, ketamine, nitrous oxide, secobarbital and droperidol. Consequently, the dose of midazolam HCl syrup should be adjusted according to the type and amount of concomitant medications administered and the desired clinical response (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
No significant adverse interactions with common premedications (such as atropine, scopolamine, glycopyrrolate, diazepam, hydroxyzine, and other muscle relaxants) or local anesthetics have been observed.
Inhibitors of CYP3A4 Isozymes
Caution is advised when midazolam is administered concomitantly with drugs that are known to inhibit the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme system (ie, some drugs in the drug classes of azole antimycotics, protease inhibitors, calcium channel antagonists, and macrolide antibiotics). Drugs such as diltiazem, erythromycin, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, saquinavir, and verapamil were shown to significantly increase the C and AUC of orally administered midazolam. These drug interactions may result in increased and prolonged sedation due to a decrease in plasma clearance of midazolam. Although not studied, the potent cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors ritanovir and nelfinavir may cause intense and prolonged sedation and respiratory depression due to a decrease in plasma clearance of midazolam. Caution is advised when midazolam HCl syrup is used concomitantly with these drugs. Dose adjustments should be considered and possible prolongation and intensity of effect should be anticipated (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics: Special Populations: Drug-Drug Interactions).
Inducers of CYP3A4 Isozymes
Cytochrome P450 inducers, such as rifampin, carbamazepine, and phenytoin, induce metabolism and cause a markedly decreased C and AUC of oral midazolam in adult studies. Although clinical studies have not been performed, phenobarbital is expected to have the same effect. Caution is advised when administering midazolam HCl syrup to patients receiving these medications and if necessary dose adjustments should be considered.
The most frequently reported non-dental, treatment-emergent adverse events in the 3 multicenter US trials were headache, infection, flu syndrome, and pain.
The change in clinical attachment levels was similar across all study arms, suggesting that neither the vehicle nor ARESTIN compromise clinical attachment.
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America LLC at 1-800-321-4576 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
Reference
This information is obtained from the National Institute of Health's Standard Packaging Label drug database.
"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/"
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