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Cevimeline
Overview
What is Cevimeline?
Cevimeline is cis -2’-methylspiro{1-azabicyclo [2.2.2] octane-3, 5’-[1,3] oxathiolane} hydrochloride, hydrate (2:1). Its empirical formula is CHNOS.HCl.½ HO, and its structural formula is:
Cevimeline has a molecular weight of 244.79. It is a white to off white crystalline powder with a melting point range of 201 to 203C. It is freely soluble in alcohol and chloroform, very soluble in water, and virtually insoluble in ether. The pH of a 1% solution ranges from 4.6 to 5.6. Inactive ingredients include lactose monohydrate, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and magnesium stearate.
What does Cevimeline look like?
What are the available doses of Cevimeline?
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What should I talk to my health care provider before I take Cevimeline?
Sorry No records found
How should I use Cevimeline?
Cevimeline hydrochloride capsules are indicated for the treatment of symptoms of dry mouth in patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome.
The recommended dose of cevimeline hydrochloride capsules is 30 mg taken three times a day. There is insufficient safety information to support doses greater than 30 mg tid. There is also insufficient evidence for additional efficacy of cevimeline hydrochloride at doses greater than 30 mg tid.
What interacts with Cevimeline?
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What are the warnings of Cevimeline?
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What are the precautions of Cevimeline?
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What are the side effects of Cevimeline?
Sorry No records found
What should I look out for while using Cevimeline?
Cevimeline is contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled asthma, known hypersensitivity to cevimeline, and when miosis is undesirable, e.g., in acute iritis and in narrow-angle (angle-closure) glaucoma.
Cardiovascular Disease:
Cevimeline can potentially alter cardiac conduction and/or heart rate. Patients with significant cardiovascular disease may potentially be unable to compensate for transient changes in hemodynamics or rhythm induced by cevimeline. Cevimeline should be used with caution and under close medical supervision in patients with a history of cardiovascular disease evidenced by angina pectoris or myocardial infarction.
Pulmonary Disease:
Cevimeline can potentially increase airway resistance, bronchial smooth muscle tone, and bronchial secretions. Cevimeline should be administered with caution and with close medical supervision to patients with controlled asthma, chronic bronchitis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Ocular:
Ophthalmic formulations of muscarinic agonists have been reported to cause visual blurring which may result in decreased visual acuity, especially at night and in patients with central lens changes, and to cause impairment of depth perception. Caution should be advised while driving at night or performing hazardous activities in reduced lighting.
What might happen if I take too much Cevimeline?
Management of the signs and symptoms of acute overdosage should be handled in a manner consistent with that indicated for other muscarinic agonists: general supportive measures should be instituted. If medically indicated, atropine, an anti-cholinergic agent, may be of value as an antidote for emergency use in patients who have had an overdose of cevimeline. If medically indicated, epinephrine may also be of value in the presence of severe cardiovascular depression or bronchoconstriction. It is not known if cevimeline is dialyzable.
How should I store and handle Cevimeline?
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) Cevimeline is available as white, hard gelatin capsules containing 30 mg of cevimeline hydrochloride. Cevimeline hydrochloride capsules have a white opaque cap and a white opaque body. The capsules are imprinted with “EVOXAC” on the cap and “30 mg” on the body with a black bar above “30 mg”. It is supplied in child resistant bottles of:100 capsules (NDC 63304-479-01).Store at 25°C (77°F); excursion permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).Rx onlyDistributed by:Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc.Revised 06/2017 Printed in U.S.A.Cevimeline is available as white, hard gelatin capsules containing 30 mg of cevimeline hydrochloride. Cevimeline hydrochloride capsules have a white opaque cap and a white opaque body. The capsules are imprinted with “EVOXAC” on the cap and “30 mg” on the body with a black bar above “30 mg”. It is supplied in child resistant bottles of:100 capsules (NDC 63304-479-01).Store at 25°C (77°F); excursion permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).Rx onlyDistributed by:Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc.Revised 06/2017 Printed in U.S.A.Cevimeline is available as white, hard gelatin capsules containing 30 mg of cevimeline hydrochloride. Cevimeline hydrochloride capsules have a white opaque cap and a white opaque body. The capsules are imprinted with “EVOXAC” on the cap and “30 mg” on the body with a black bar above “30 mg”. It is supplied in child resistant bottles of:100 capsules (NDC 63304-479-01).Store at 25°C (77°F); excursion permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).Rx onlyDistributed by:Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc.Revised 06/2017 Printed in U.S.A.Cevimeline is available as white, hard gelatin capsules containing 30 mg of cevimeline hydrochloride. Cevimeline hydrochloride capsules have a white opaque cap and a white opaque body. The capsules are imprinted with “EVOXAC” on the cap and “30 mg” on the body with a black bar above “30 mg”. It is supplied in child resistant bottles of:100 capsules (NDC 63304-479-01).Store at 25°C (77°F); excursion permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).Rx onlyDistributed by:Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc.Revised 06/2017 Printed in U.S.A.Cevimeline is available as white, hard gelatin capsules containing 30 mg of cevimeline hydrochloride. Cevimeline hydrochloride capsules have a white opaque cap and a white opaque body. The capsules are imprinted with “EVOXAC” on the cap and “30 mg” on the body with a black bar above “30 mg”. It is supplied in child resistant bottles of:100 capsules (NDC 63304-479-01).Store at 25°C (77°F); excursion permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).Rx onlyDistributed by:Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc.Revised 06/2017 Printed in U.S.A.Cevimeline is available as white, hard gelatin capsules containing 30 mg of cevimeline hydrochloride. Cevimeline hydrochloride capsules have a white opaque cap and a white opaque body. The capsules are imprinted with “EVOXAC” on the cap and “30 mg” on the body with a black bar above “30 mg”. It is supplied in child resistant bottles of:100 capsules (NDC 63304-479-01).Store at 25°C (77°F); excursion permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).Rx onlyDistributed by:Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc.Revised 06/2017 Printed in U.S.A.Cevimeline is available as white, hard gelatin capsules containing 30 mg of cevimeline hydrochloride. Cevimeline hydrochloride capsules have a white opaque cap and a white opaque body. The capsules are imprinted with “EVOXAC” on the cap and “30 mg” on the body with a black bar above “30 mg”. It is supplied in child resistant bottles of:100 capsules (NDC 63304-479-01).Store at 25°C (77°F); excursion permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).Rx onlyDistributed by:Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc.Revised 06/2017 Printed in U.S.A.Cevimeline is available as white, hard gelatin capsules containing 30 mg of cevimeline hydrochloride. Cevimeline hydrochloride capsules have a white opaque cap and a white opaque body. The capsules are imprinted with “EVOXAC” on the cap and “30 mg” on the body with a black bar above “30 mg”. It is supplied in child resistant bottles of:100 capsules (NDC 63304-479-01).Store at 25°C (77°F); excursion permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).Rx onlyDistributed by:Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc.Revised 06/2017 Printed in U.S.A.Cevimeline is available as white, hard gelatin capsules containing 30 mg of cevimeline hydrochloride. Cevimeline hydrochloride capsules have a white opaque cap and a white opaque body. The capsules are imprinted with “EVOXAC” on the cap and “30 mg” on the body with a black bar above “30 mg”. It is supplied in child resistant bottles of:100 capsules (NDC 63304-479-01).Store at 25°C (77°F); excursion permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).Rx onlyDistributed by:Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc.Revised 06/2017 Printed in U.S.A.
Clinical Information
Chemical Structure
No Image foundClinical Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Cevimeline is a cholinergic agonist which binds to muscarinic receptors. Muscarinic agonists in sufficient dosage can increase secretion of exocrine glands, such as salivary and sweat glands and increase tone of the smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts.
Pharmacokine
tics
Absorption: After administration of a single 30 mg capsule, cevimeline was rapidly absorbed with a mean time to peak concentration of 1.5 to 2 hours. No accumulation of active drug or its metabolites was observed following multiple dose administration. When administered with food, there is a decrease in the rate of absorption, with a fasting t of 1.53 hours and a t of 2.86 hours after a meal; the peak concentration is reduced by 17.3%. Single oral doses across the clinical dose range are dose proportional.
Distribution: Cevimeline has a volume of distribution of approximately 6L/kg and is <20% bound to human plasma proteins. This suggests that cevimeline is extensively bound to tissues; however, the specific binding sites are unknown.
Metabolism: Isozymes CYP2D6 and CYP3A3/4 are responsible for the metabolism of cevimeline. After 24 hours, 86.7% of the dose was recovered (16.0% unchanged, 44.5% as cis and trans-sulfoxide, 22.3% of the dose as glucuronic acid conjugate and 4% of the dose as N-oxide of cevimeline). Approximately 8% of the trans-sulfoxide metabolite is thenconverted into the corresponding glucuronic acid conjugate and eliminated. Cevimeline did not inhibit cytochrome P450 isozymes 1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4.
Excretion: The mean half-life of cevimeline is /-1hours. After 24 hours, 84% of a 30 mg dose of cevimeline was excreted in urine. After seven days, 97% of the dose was recovered in the urine and 0.5% was recovered in the feces.
Special Populations: The effects of renal impairment, hepatic impairment, or ethnicity on the pharmacokinetics of cevimeline have not been investigated.
Clinical Studies
Cevimeline has been shown to improve the symptoms of dry mouth in patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome.
A 6-week, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 75 patients (10 men, 65 women) with a mean age of 53.6 years (range 33-75). The racial distribution was Caucasian 92%, Black 1 % and other 7%. The effects of cevimeline at 30 mg tid (90 mg/day) and 60 mg tid (180 mg/day) were compared to those of placebo. Patients were evaluated by a measure called global improvement, which is defined as a response of "better" to the question, "Please rate the overall condition of your dry mouth now compared with how you felt before starting treatment in this study." Patients also had the option of selecting "worse" or "no change" as answers. Seventy-six percent of the patients in the 30 mg tid group reported a global improvement in their dry mouth symptoms compared to 35% of the patients in the placebo group. This difference was statistically significant at p=0.0043. There was no evidence that patients in the 60 mg tid group had better global evaluation scores than the patients in the 30 mg tid group.
A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 197 patients (10 men, 187 women) with a mean age of 54.5 years (range 23-74). The racial distribution was Caucasian 91.4%, Black 3% and other 5.6%. The effects of cevimeline at 15 mg tid (45 mg/day) and 30 mg tid (90 mg/day) were compared to those of placebo. Statistically significant global improvement in the symptoms of dry mouth (p=0.0004) was seen for the 30 mg tid group compared to placebo, but not for the 15 mg group compared to placebo. Salivary flow showed statistically significant increases at both doses of cevimeline during the study compared to placebo.
A second 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 212 patients (11 men, 201 women) with a mean age of 55.3 years (range 24-75). The racial distribution was Caucasian 88.7%, Black 1.9% and other 9.4%. The effects of cevimeline at 15 mg tid (45 mg/day) and 30 mg tid (90 mg/day) were compared to those of placebo. No statistically significant differences were noted in the patient global evaluations. However, there was a higher placebo response rate in this study compared to the aforementioned studies. The 30 mg tid group showed a statistically significant increase in salivary flow from pre-dose to post-dose compared to placebo (p=0.0017).
Non-Clinical Toxicology
Cevimeline is contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled asthma, known hypersensitivity to cevimeline, and when miosis is undesirable, e.g., in acute iritis and in narrow-angle (angle-closure) glaucoma.Cardiovascular Disease:
Cevimeline can potentially alter cardiac conduction and/or heart rate. Patients with significant cardiovascular disease may potentially be unable to compensate for transient changes in hemodynamics or rhythm induced by cevimeline. Cevimeline should be used with caution and under close medical supervision in patients with a history of cardiovascular disease evidenced by angina pectoris or myocardial infarction.
Pulmonary Disease:
Cevimeline can potentially increase airway resistance, bronchial smooth muscle tone, and bronchial secretions. Cevimeline should be administered with caution and with close medical supervision to patients with controlled asthma, chronic bronchitis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Ocular:
Ophthalmic formulations of muscarinic agonists have been reported to cause visual blurring which may result in decreased visual acuity, especially at night and in patients with central lens changes, and to cause impairment of depth perception. Caution should be advised while driving at night or performing hazardous activities in reduced lighting.
Because candesartan is not significantly metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system and at therapeutic concentrations has no effects on P450 enzymes, interactions with drugs that inhibit or are metabolized by those enzymes would not be expected.
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents including Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors (COX-2 Inhibitors)
The antihypertensive effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonists, including candesartan may be attenuated by NSAIDs including selective COX-2 inhibitors.
Lithium
Dual Blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS)
Dual blockade of the RAS with angiotensin receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors, or aliskiren is associated with increased risks of hypotension, hyperkalemia, and changes in renal function (including acute renal failure) compared to monotherapy. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function and electrolytes in patients on candesartan cilexetil and hydrochlorothiazide and other agents that affect the RAS. Coadministration of candesartan cilexetil and hydrochlorothiazide with potassium sparing diuretics, potassium supplements, potassium-containing salt substitutes or other drugs that raise serum potassium levels may result in hyperkalemia. Monitor serum potassium in such patients.
Do not co-administer aliskiren with candesartan cilexetil and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with diabetes. Avoid use of aliskiren with candesartan cilexetil and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with renal impairment (GFR <60 ml/min) (see ).
General:
Cevimeline toxicity is characterized by an exaggeration of its parasympathomimetic effects. These may include: headache, visual disturbance, lacrimation, sweating, respiratory distress, gastrointestinal spasm, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, atrioventricular block, tachycardia, bradycardia, hypotension, hypertension, shock, mental confusion, cardiac arrhythmia, and tremors.
Cevimeline should be administered with caution to patients with a history of nephrolithiasis or cholelithiasis. Contractions of the gallbladder or biliary smooth muscle could precipitate complications such as cholecystitis, cholangitis and biliary obstruction. An increase in the ureteral smooth muscle tone could theoretically precipitate renal colic or ureteral reflux in patients with nephrolithiasis.
Information for Patients:
If a patient sweats excessively while taking cevimeline, dehydration may develop. The patient should drink extra water and consult a health care provider.
Drug Interactions:
Cevimeline should be administered with caution to patients taking beta adrenergic antagonists, because of the possibility of conduction disturbances. Drugs with parasympathomimetic effects administered concurrently with cevimeline can be expected to have additive effects. Cevimeline might interfere with desirable antimuscarinic effects of drugs used concomitantly.
Drugs which inhibit CYP2D6 and CYP3A3/4 also inhibit the metabolism of cevimeline. Cevimeline should be used with caution in individuals known or suspected to be deficient in CYP2D6 activity, based on previous experience, as they may be at a higher risk of adverse events. In an study, cytochrome P450 isozymes 1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4 were not inhibited by exposure to cevimeline.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis and Impairment of Fertility:
Lifetime carcinogenicity studies were conducted in CD-1 mice and F-344 rats. A statistically significant increase in the incidence of adenocarcinomas of the uterus was observed in female rats that received cevimeline at a dosage of 100 mg/kg/day (approximately 8 times the maximum human exposure based on comparison of AUC data). No other significant differences in tumor incidence were observed in either mice or rats.
Cevimeline exhibited no evidence of mutagenicity or clastogenicity in a battery of assays that included an Ames test, an chromosomal aberration study in mammalian cells, a mouse lymphoma study in L5178Y cells, or a micronucleus assay conducted in ICR mice.
Cevimeline did not adversely affect the reproductive performance or fertility of male Sprague-Dawley rats when administered for 63 days prior to mating and throughout the period of mating at dosages up to 45 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 times the maximum recommended dose for a 60 kg human following normalization of the data on the basis of body surface area estimates). Females that were treated with cevimeline at dosages up to 45 mg/kg/day from 14 days prior to mating through day seven of gestation exhibited a statistically significantly smaller number of implantations than did control animals.
Pregnancy:
Pregnancy Category C.
Cevimeline was associated with a reduction in the mean number of implantations when given to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats from 14 days prior to mating through day seven of gestation at a dosage of 45 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 times the maximum recommended dose for a 60 kg human when compared on the basis of body surface area estimates). This effect may have been secondary to maternal toxicity. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Cevimeline should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Nursing Mothers:
It is not known whether this drug is secreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from cevimeline, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Pediatric Use:
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric Use:
Although clinical studies of cevimeline included subjects over the age of 65, the numbers were not sufficient to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Special care should be exercised when cevimeline treatment is initiated in an elderly patient, considering the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy in the elderly.
Cevimeline was administered to 1777 patients during clinical trials worldwide, including Sjögren’s patients and patients with other conditions. In placebo-controlled Sjögren’s studies in the U.S., 320 patients received cevimeline doses ranging from 15 mg tid to 60 mg tid, of whom 93% were women and 7% were men. Demographic distribution was 90% Caucasian, 5% Hispanic, 3% Black and 2% of other origin. In these studies, 14.6% of patients discontinued treatment with cevimeline due to adverse events.
The following adverse events associated with muscarinic agonism were observed in the clinical trials of cevimeline in Sjögren’s syndrome patients:
*
In addition, the following adverse events (≥3% incidence) were reported in the Sjögren’s clinical trials:
*
The following events were reported in Sjögren’s patients at incidences of <3% and ≥1%: constipation, tremor, abnormal vision, hypertonia, peripheral edema, chest pain, myalgia, fever, anorexia, eye pain, earache, dry mouth, vertigo, salivary gland pain, pruritus, influenza-like symptoms, eye infection, post operative pain, vaginitis, skin disorder, depression, hiccup, hyporeflexia, infection, fungal infection, sialoadenitis, otitis media, erythematous rash, pneumonia, edema, salivary gland enlargement, allergy, gastroesophageal reflux, eye abnormality, migraine, tooth disorder, epistaxis, flatulence, toothache, ulcerative stomatitis, anemia, hypoesthesia, cystitis, leg cramps, abscess, eructation, moniliasis, palpitation, increased amylase, xerophthalmia, allergic reaction.
The following events were reported rarely in treated Sjögren’s patients (<1%): Causal relation is unknown:
Body as a Whole Disorders
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Cardiovascular Disorders
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Digestive Disorders
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Endocrine Disorders
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Hematologic Disorders
:
Liver and Biliary System Disorders
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Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders:
Musculoskeletal Disorders
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Neoplasms:
Nervous Disorders
:
Miscellaneous Disorders
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Resistance Mechanism Disorders:
Respiratory Disorders
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Rheumatologic Disorders
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Skin and Appendages Disorders
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Special Senses Disorders:
Urogenital Disorders:
In one subject with lupus erythematosus receiving concomitant multiple drug therapy, a highly elevated ALT level was noted after the fourth week of cevimeline therapy. In two other subjects receiving cevimeline in the clinical trials, very high AST levels were noted. The significance of these findings is unknown.
Additional adverse events (relationship unknown) which occurred in other clinical studies (patient population different from Sjögren’s patients) are as follows:
cholinergic syndrome, blood pressure fluctuation, cardiomegaly, postural hypotension, aphasia, convulsions, abnormal gait, hyperesthesia, paralysis, abnormal sexual function, enlarged abdomen, change in bowel habits, gum hyperplasia, intestinal obstruction, bundle branch block, increased creatine phosphokinase, electrolyte abnormality, glycosuria, gout, hyperkalemia, hyperproteinemia, increased lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), increased alkaline phosphatase, failure to thrive, abnormal platelets, aggressive reaction, amnesia, apathy, delirium, delusion, dementia, illusion, impotence, neurosis, paranoid reaction, personality disorder, hyperhemoglobinemia, apnea, atelectasis, yawning, oliguria, urinary retention, distended vein, lymphocytosis.
The following adverse reaction has been identified during post-approval use of
cevimeline
. Because post-marketing adverse reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Post-Marketing Adverse Events
Liver and Biliary
System Disorders: cholecystitis
Reference
This information is obtained from the National Institute of Health's Standard Packaging Label drug database.
"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/"
While we update our database periodically, we cannot guarantee it is always updated to the latest version.
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