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Estradiol
Overview
What is Estradiol?
Estradiol Tablets, USP for oral administration contains 0.5, 1 or 2 mg of
micronized estradiol per tablet. Estradiol (17β-estradiol) is a white,
crystalline solid, chemically described as estra-1,3,5,(10)-triene-3, 17β-diol.
The structural formula is:
Inactive Ingredients:
What does Estradiol look like?
What are the available doses of Estradiol?
Sorry No records found.
What should I talk to my health care provider before I take Estradiol?
Sorry No records found
How should I use Estradiol?
Estradiol Tablets, USP are indicated in the:
When estrogen is prescribed for a postmenopausal woman with a
uterus, a progestin should also be initiated to reduce the risk of endometrial
cancer. A woman without a uterus does not need progestin. Use of estrogen, alone
or in combination with a progestin, should be with the lowest effective dose and
for the shortest duration consistent with treatment goals and risks for the
individual woman. Patients should be reevaluated periodically as clinically
appropriate (e.g., 3-month to 6-month intervals) to determine if treatment is
still necessary (see and ). For women who have a uterus, adequate diagnostic
measures, such as endometrial sampling, when indicated, should be undertaken to
rule out malignancy in cases of undiagnosed persistent or recurring abnormal
vaginal bleeding.
Patients should be started at the lowest dose for the indication.
1. For treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms,
vulval and vaginal atrophy associated with the menopause, the lowest dose and
regimen that will control symptoms should be chosen and medication should be
discontinued as promptly as possible.
Attempts to discontinue or taper medication should be made at 3-month to
6-month intervals. The usual initial dosage range is 1 to 2 mg daily of
estradiol adjusted as necessary to control presenting symptoms. The minimal
effective dose for maintenance therapy should be determined by titration.
Administration should be cyclic (e.g., 3 weeks on and 1 week off).
2. For treatment of female hypoestrogenism due to
hypogonadism, castration, or primary ovarian failure.
Treatment is usually initiated with a dose of 1 to 2 mg daily of estradiol,
adjusted as necessary to control presenting symptoms; the minimal effective dose
for maintenance therapy should be determined by titration.
3. For treatment of breast cancer, for palliation only, in
appropriately selected women and men with metastatic disease.
Suggested dosage is 10 mg three times daily for a period of at least three
months.
4. For treatment of advanced androgen-dependent carcinoma of
the prostate, for palliation only.
Suggested dosage is 1 to 2 mg three times daily. The effectiveness of therapy
can be judged by phosphatase determinations as well as by symptomatic
improvement of the patient.
5. For prevention of osteoporosis.
When prescribing solely for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis,
therapy should be considered only for women at significant risk of osteoporosis
and for whom non-estrogen medications are not considered to be appropriate.
The lowest effective dose of estradiol has not been determined.
What interacts with Estradiol?
- Estrogens should not be used in individuals with any of the following conditions:
- Undiagnosed abnormal genital bleeding.
- Known, suspected or history of cancer of the breast except in appropriately selected patients being treated for metastatic disease.
- Known or suspected estrogen-dependent neoplasia.
- Active deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism or history of these conditions
- Active or recent (e.g., within the past year) arterial thromboembolic disease (e.g., stroke, myocardial infarction.
- Liver dysfunction or disease.
- Estradiol Tablets, USP should not be used in patients with known hypersensitivity to its ingredients. Estradiol Tablets, USP, 2 mg, contain FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) which may cause allergic-type reactions (including bronchial asthma) in certain susceptible individuals. Although the overall incidence of FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) sensitivity in the general population is low, it is frequently seen in patients who also have aspirin hypersensitivity.
- Known or suspected pregnancy. There is no indication for estradiol tablets in pregnancy. There appears to be little or no increased risk of birth defects in children born to women who have used estrogens and progestins from oral contraceptives inadvertently during early pregnancy. (See .)
What are the warnings of Estradiol?
Because buspirone hydrochloride has no established antipsychotic activity, it should not be employed in lieu of appropriate antipsychotic treatment.
See
Estrogen and estrogen/progestin therapy has been associated with
an increased risk of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and
stroke, as well as venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (venous
thromboembolism or VTE). Should any of these occur or be suspected estrogens
should be discontinued immediately.
Risk factors for arterial vascular disease (e.g., hypertension, diabetes
mellitus, tobacco use, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity) and/or venous
thromboembolism (e.g., personal history or family history of VTE, obesity, and
systemic lupus erythematosus) should be managed appropriately.
In the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study, an increase in the
number of myocardial infarctions and strokes has been observed in women
receiving CE compared to placebo. These observations are preliminary, and the
study is continuing (See .)
In the CE/MPA substudy of WHI, an increased risk of coronary heart disease
(CHD) events (defined as nonfatal myocardial infarction and CHD death) was
observed in women receiving CE/MPA compared to women receiving placebo (37 vs 30
per 10,000 person years). The increase in risk was observed in year one and
persisted.
In the same substudy of WHI, an increased risk of stroke was observed in
women receiving CE/MPA compared to women receiving placebo (29 vs 21 per 10,000
women-years). The increase in risk was observed after the first year and
persisted.
In postmenopausal women with documented heart disease (n = 2,763, average age
66.7 years) a controlled clinical trial of secondary prevention of
cardiovascular disease (Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study; HERS)
treatment with CE/MPA (0.625 mg/2.5 mg per day) demonstrated no cardiovascular
benefit. During an average follow-up of 4.1 years, treatment with CE/MPA did not
reduce the overall rate of CHD events in postmenopausal women with established
coronary heart disease. There were more CHD events in the CE/MPA-treated group
than in the placebo group in year 1, but not during the subsequent years. Two
thousand three hundred and twenty one women from the original HERS trial agreed
to participate in an open label extension of HERS, HERS II. Average follow-up in
HERS II was an additional 2.7 years, for a total of 6.8 years overall. Rates of
CHD events were comparable among women in the CE/MPA group and the placebo group
in HERS, HERS II, and overall.
Large doses of estrogen (5 mg conjugated estrogens per day), comparable to
those used to treat cancer of the prostate and breast, have been shown in a
large prospective clinical trial in men to increase the risks of nonfatal
myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and thrombophlebitis.
In the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study, an increase in VTE
has been observed in women receiving CE compared to placebo. These observations
are preliminary, and the study is continuing. (See .)
In the CE/MPA substudy of WHI, a 2fold greater rate of VTE, including deep
venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, was observed in women receiving CE/MPA
compared to women receiving placebo. The rate of VTE was 34 per 10,000
womenyears in the CE/MPA group compared to 16 per 10,000 womenyears in the
placebo group. The increase in VTE risk was observed during the first year and
persisted.
If feasible, estrogens should be discontinued at least 4 to 6 weeks before
surgery of the type associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism, or
during periods of prolonged immobilization.
The use of unopposed estrogens in women with intact uteri has
been associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer. The reported
endometrial cancer risk among unopposed estrogen users is about 2- to 12- fold
greater than in non-users, and appears dependent on duration of treatment and on
estrogen dose. Most studies show no significant increased risk associated with
use of estrogens for less than one year. The greatest risk appears associated
with prolonged use—with increased risks of 15- to 24-fold for five to ten years
or more—and this risk persists for 8 to over 15 years after estrogen therapy is
discontinued.
Clinical surveillance of all women taking estrogen/progestin combinations is
important (see ). Adequate diagnostic
measures, including endometrial sampling when indicated, should be undertaken to
rule out malignancy in all cases of undiagnosed persistent or recurring abnormal
vaginal bleeding. There is no evidence that the use of natural estrogens results
in a different endometrial risk profile than synthetic estrogens of equivalent
estrogen dose. Adding a progestin to estrogen therapy has been shown to reduce
the risk of endometrial hyperplasia, which may be a precursor to endometrial
cancer.
The use of estrogens and progestins by postmenopausal women has
been reported to increase the risk of breast cancer. The most important
randomized clinical trial providing information about this issue is the Women’s
Health Initiative (WHI) substudy of CE/MPA (see , ). The results from
observational studies are generally consistent with those of the WHI clinical
trial and report no significant variation in the risk of breast cancer among
different estrogens or progestins, doses, or routes of administration.
The CE/MPA substudy of WHI reported an increased risk of breast cancer in
women who took CE/MPA for a mean follow-up of 5.6 years. Observational studies
have also reported an increased risk for estrogen/progestin combination therapy,
and a smaller increased risk for estrogen alone therapy, after several years of
use. In the WHI trial and from observational studies, the excess risk increased
with duration of use. From observational studies, the risk appeared to return to
baseline in about five years after stopping treatment. In addition,
observational studies suggest that the risk of breast cancer was greater, and
became apparent earlier, with estrogen/progestin combination therapy as compared
to estrogen alone therapy.
In the CE/MPA substudy, 26% of the women reported prior use of estrogen alone
and/or estrogen/progestin combination hormone therapy. After a mean follow-up of
5.6 years during the clinical trial, the overall relative risk of invasive
breast cancer was 1.24 (95% confidence interval 1.01-1.54), and the overall
absolute risk was 41 vs 33 cases per 10,000 women-years, for CE/MPA compared
with placebo. Among women who reported prior use of hormone therapy, the
relative risk of invasive breast cancer was 1.86, and the absolute risk was 46
vs 25 cases per 10,000 women-years, for CE/MPA compared with placebo. Among
women who reported no prior use of hormone therapy, the relative risk of
invasive breast cancer was 1.09, and the absolute risk was 40 vs 36 cases per
10,000 women-years for CE/MPA compared with placebo. In the same substudy,
invasive breast cancers were larger and diagnosed at a more advanced stage in
the CE/MPA group compared with the placebo group. Metastatic disease was rare
with no apparent difference between the two groups. Other prognostic factors
such as histologic subtype, grade and hormone receptor status did not differ
between the groups.
The use of estrogen plus progestin has been reported to result in an increase
in abnormal mammograms requiring further evaluation. All women should receive
yearly breast examinations by a healthcare provider and perform monthly breast
self-examinations. In addition, mammography examinations should be scheduled
based on patient age, risk factors, and prior mammogram results.
In the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS), 4,532
generally healthy postmenopausal women 65 years of age and older were studied,
of whom 35% were 70 to 74 years of age and 18% were 75 or older. After an
average follow-up of 4 years, 40 women being treated with CE/MPA (1.8%, n =
2,229) and 21 women in the placebo group (0.9%, n = 2,303) received diagnoses of
probable dementia. The relative risk for CE/MPA versus placebo was 2.05 (95%
confidence interval 1.21 – 3.48), and was similar for women with and without
histories of menopausal hormone use before WHIMS. The absolute risk of probable
dementia for CE/MPA versus placebo was 45 versus 22 cases per 10,000
women-years, and the absolute excess risk for CE/MPA was 23 cases per 10,000
women-years. It is unknown whether these findings apply to younger
postmenopausal women. (Seeand .
It is unknown whether these findings apply to estrogen alone therapy.
A 2- to 4-fold increase in the risk of gallbladder disease
requiring surgery in postmenopausal women receiving estrogens has been
reported.
Estrogen administration may lead to severe hypercalcemia in
patients with breast cancer and bone metastases. If hypercalcemia occurs, use of
the drug should be stopped and appropriate measures taken to reduce the serum
calcium level.
Retinal vascular thrombosis has been reported in patients
receiving estrogens. Discontinue medication pending examination if there is
sudden partial or complete loss of vision, or a sudden onset of proptosis,
diplopia or migraine. If examination reveals papilledema or retinal vascular
lesions, estrogens should be permanently discontinued.
What are the precautions of Estradiol?
1.
Studies of the addition of a progestin for 10 or more days of a cycle of
estrogen administration, or daily with estrogen in a continuous regimen, have
reported a lowered incidence of endometrial hyperplasia than would be induced by
estrogen treatment alone. Endometrial hyperplasia may be a precursor to
endometrial cancer.
There are, however, possible risks which may be associated with the use of
progestins with estrogens compared to estrogen-alone regimens. These include a
possible increased risk of breast cancer.
2.
In a small number of case reports, substantial increases in blood pressure
have been attributed to idiosyncratic reactions to estrogens. In a large,
randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, a generalized effect of estrogens
on blood pressure was not seen. Blood pressure should be monitored at regular
intervals with estrogen use.
3.
In patients with pre-existing hypertriglyceridemia, estrogen therapy may be
associated with elevations of plasma triglycerides leading to pancreatitis and
other complications.
4.
Estrogens may be poorly metabolized in patients with impaired liver function.
For patients with a history of cholestatic jaundice associated with past
estrogen use or with pregnancy, caution should be exercised and in the case of
recurrence, medication should be discontinued.
5.
Estrogen administration leads to increased thyroid-binding globulin (TBG)
levels. Patients with normal thyroid function can compensate for the increased
TBG by making more thyroid hormone, thus maintaining free T and T serum concentrations in the
normal range. Patients dependent on thyroid hormone replacement therapy who are
also receiving estrogens may require increased doses of their thyroid
replacement therapy. These patients should have their thyroid function monitored
in order to maintain their free thyroid hormone levels in an acceptable
range.
6.
Because estrogens may cause some degree of fluid retention, patients with
conditions that might be influenced by this factor, such as asthma, epilepsy,
migraine, and cardiac or renal dysfunction, warrant careful observation when
estrogens are prescribed.
7.
Estrogens should be used with caution in individuals with severe
hypocalcemia.
8.
The CE/MPA substudy of WHI reported that estrogen plus progestin increased
the risk of ovarian cancer. After an average follow-up of 5.6 years, the
relative risk for ovarian cancer for CE/MPA versus placebo was 1.58 (95%
confidence interval 0.77 – 3.24) but was not statistically significant. The
absolute risk for CE/MPA versus placebo was 4.2 versus 2.7 cases per 10,000
women-years. In some epidemiologic studies, the use of estrogen alone, in
particular for ten or more years, has been associated with an increased risk of
ovarian cancer. Other epidemiologic studies have not found these associations.
9.
Endometriosis may be exacerbated with administration of estrogens. A few
cases of malignant transformation of residual endometrial implants have been
reported in women treated post-hysterectomy with estrogen alone therapy. For
patients known to have residual endometriosis post-hysterectomy, the addition of
progestin should be considered.
10.
.
Estrogens may cause an exacerbation of asthma, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy,
migraine or porphyria, systemic lupus erythematosus, and hepatic hemangiomas and
should be used with caution in women with these conditions.
Estradiol Tablets, USP, 2 mg, contain FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine)
which may cause allergic-type reactions (including bronchial asthma) in certain
susceptible individuals. Although the overall incidence of FD&C Yellow No. 5
(tartrazine) sensitivity in the general population is low, it is frequently seen
in patients who also have aspirin hypersensitivity.
Physicians are advised to discuss the PATIENT INFORMATION leaflet
with patients for whom they prescribe Estradiol Tablets.
Estrogen administration should be initiated at the lowest dose
approved for the indication and then guided by clinical response rather than by
serum hormone levels (e.g., estradiol, FSH). (See section.)
Long-term continuous administration of estrogen, with and without
progestin, in women with and without a uterus, has shown an increased risk of
endometrial cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. (See and .)
Long term continuous administration of natural and synthetic estrogens in
certain animal species increases the frequency of carcinomas of the breast,
uterus, cervix, vagina, testis, and liver.
Estradiol Tablets should not be used during pregnancy. (See .
Estrogen administration to nursing mothers has been shown to
decrease the quantity and quality of the milk. Detectable amounts of estrogens
have been identified in the milk of mothers receiving this drug. Caution should
be exercised when estradiol is administered to a nursing woman.
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been
established. Large and repeated doses of estrogen over an extended period of
time have been shown to accelerate epiphyseal closure, resulting in short adult
stature if treatment is initiated before the completion of physiologic puberty
in normally developing children. In patients in whom bone growth is not
complete, periodic monitoring of bone maturation and effects on epiphyseal
centers is recommended.
Estrogen treatment of prepubertal children also induces premature breast
development and vaginal cornification, and may potentially induce vaginal
bleeding in girls. In boys, estrogen treatment may modify the normal pubertal
process. All other physiological and adverse reactions shown to be associated
with estrogen treatment of adults could potentially occur in the pediatric
population, including thromboembolic disorders and growth stimulation of certain
tumors. Therefore, estrogens should only be administered to pediatric patients
when clearly indicated and the lowest effective dose should always be
utilized.
The safety and efficacy of estradiol tablets in geriatric
patients has not been established. In general, dose selection for an elderly
patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range,
reflecting the greatest frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac
function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
In the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study, including 4,532 women 65 years
of age and older, followed for an average of 4 years, 82% (n = 3,729) were 65 to
74 while 18% (n = 803) were 75 and over. Most women (80%) had no prior hormone
therapy use. Women treated with conjugated estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone
acetate were reported to have a two-fold increase in the risk of developing
probable dementia. Alzheimer’s disease was the most common classification of
probable dementia in both the conjugated estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone
acetate group and the placebo group. Ninety percent of the cases of probable
dementia occurred in the 54% of women that were older than 70. (See.
It is unknown whether these findings apply to estrogen alone therapy.
- Accelerated prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and platelet aggregation time; increased platelet count; increased factors II, VII antigen, VIII antigen, VIII coagulant activity, IX, X, XII, VII-X complex, II-VII-X complex, and beta-thromboglobulin; decreased levels of anti-factor Xa and antithrombin III, decreased antithrombin III activity; increased levels of fibrinogen and fibrinogen activity; increased plasminogen antigen and activity.
- Increased thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) leading to increased circulating total thyroid hormone, as measured by protein-bound iodine (PBI), T levels (by column or by radioimmunoassay) or T levels by radioimmunoassay. T resin uptake is decreased, reflecting the elevated TBG. Free T and free T concentrations are unaltered. Patients on thyroid replacement therapy may require higher doses of thyroid hormone.
- Other binding proteins may be elevated in serum, i.e., corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), leading to increased circulating corticosteroids and sex steroids, respectively. Free or biologically active hormone concentrations are unchanged. Other plasma proteins may be increased (angiotensinogen/renin substrate, alpha-1-antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin).
- Increased plasma HDL and HDL subfraction concentrations, reduced LDL cholesterol concentration, increased triglycerides levels.
- Impaired glucose tolerance.
- Reduced response to metyrapone test.
What are the side effects of Estradiol?
See , and .
The following additional adverse reactions have been reported with estrogen
and/or progestin therapy.
1. Genitourinary system
Changes in vaginal bleeding pattern and abnormal withdrawal bleeding or flow;
breakthrough bleeding, spotting, dysmenorrheaIncrease in size of uterine leiomyomataVaginitis, including vaginal candidiasisChange in amount of cervical secretionChanges in cervical ectropionOvarian cancer; endometrial hyperplasia; endometrial cancer
2. Breasts
Tenderness, enlargement, pain, nipple discharge, galactorrhea; fibrocystic
breast changes; breast cancer
3. Cardiovascular
Deep and superficial venous thrombosis; pulmonary embolism; thrombophlebitis;
myocardial infarction; stroke; increase in blood pressure
4. Gastrointestinal
Nausea, vomitingAbdominal cramps, bloatingCholestatic jaundiceIncreased incidence of gallbladder diseasePancreatitisEnlargement of hepatic hemangiomas
5. Skin
Chloasma or melasma that may persist when drug is discontinuedErythema multiformeErythema nodosumHemorrhagic eruptionLoss of scalp hairHirsutismPruritus, rash
6. Eyes
Retinal vascular thrombosisSteepening of corneal curvatureIntolerance to contact lenses
7. Central Nervous System
Headache, migraine, dizzinessMental depressionChoreaNervousness, mood disturbances, irritabilityExacerbation of epilepsyDementia
8. Miscellaneous
Increase or decrease in weightReduced carbohydrate toleranceAggravation of porphyriaEdemaArthralgias; leg crampsChanges in libidoUrticariaAngioedemaAnaphylactoid/anaphylactic reactionsHypocalcemiaExacerbation of asthmaIncreased triglycerides
What should I look out for while using Estradiol?
Estrogens should not be used in individuals with any of the
following conditions:
See
Estrogen and estrogen/progestin therapy has been associated with
an increased risk of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and
stroke, as well as venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (venous
thromboembolism or VTE). Should any of these occur or be suspected estrogens
should be discontinued immediately.
Risk factors for arterial vascular disease (e.g., hypertension, diabetes
mellitus, tobacco use, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity) and/or venous
thromboembolism (e.g., personal history or family history of VTE, obesity, and
systemic lupus erythematosus) should be managed appropriately.
In the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study, an increase in the
number of myocardial infarctions and strokes has been observed in women
receiving CE compared to placebo. These observations are preliminary, and the
study is continuing (See .)
In the CE/MPA substudy of WHI, an increased risk of coronary heart disease
(CHD) events (defined as nonfatal myocardial infarction and CHD death) was
observed in women receiving CE/MPA compared to women receiving placebo (37 vs 30
per 10,000 person years). The increase in risk was observed in year one and
persisted.
In the same substudy of WHI, an increased risk of stroke was observed in
women receiving CE/MPA compared to women receiving placebo (29 vs 21 per 10,000
women-years). The increase in risk was observed after the first year and
persisted.
In postmenopausal women with documented heart disease (n = 2,763, average age
66.7 years) a controlled clinical trial of secondary prevention of
cardiovascular disease (Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study; HERS)
treatment with CE/MPA (0.625 mg/2.5 mg per day) demonstrated no cardiovascular
benefit. During an average follow-up of 4.1 years, treatment with CE/MPA did not
reduce the overall rate of CHD events in postmenopausal women with established
coronary heart disease. There were more CHD events in the CE/MPA-treated group
than in the placebo group in year 1, but not during the subsequent years. Two
thousand three hundred and twenty one women from the original HERS trial agreed
to participate in an open label extension of HERS, HERS II. Average follow-up in
HERS II was an additional 2.7 years, for a total of 6.8 years overall. Rates of
CHD events were comparable among women in the CE/MPA group and the placebo group
in HERS, HERS II, and overall.
Large doses of estrogen (5 mg conjugated estrogens per day), comparable to
those used to treat cancer of the prostate and breast, have been shown in a
large prospective clinical trial in men to increase the risks of nonfatal
myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and thrombophlebitis.
In the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study, an increase in VTE
has been observed in women receiving CE compared to placebo. These observations
are preliminary, and the study is continuing. (See .)
In the CE/MPA substudy of WHI, a 2fold greater rate of VTE, including deep
venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, was observed in women receiving CE/MPA
compared to women receiving placebo. The rate of VTE was 34 per 10,000
womenyears in the CE/MPA group compared to 16 per 10,000 womenyears in the
placebo group. The increase in VTE risk was observed during the first year and
persisted.
If feasible, estrogens should be discontinued at least 4 to 6 weeks before
surgery of the type associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism, or
during periods of prolonged immobilization.
The use of unopposed estrogens in women with intact uteri has
been associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer. The reported
endometrial cancer risk among unopposed estrogen users is about 2- to 12- fold
greater than in non-users, and appears dependent on duration of treatment and on
estrogen dose. Most studies show no significant increased risk associated with
use of estrogens for less than one year. The greatest risk appears associated
with prolonged use—with increased risks of 15- to 24-fold for five to ten years
or more—and this risk persists for 8 to over 15 years after estrogen therapy is
discontinued.
Clinical surveillance of all women taking estrogen/progestin combinations is
important (see ). Adequate diagnostic
measures, including endometrial sampling when indicated, should be undertaken to
rule out malignancy in all cases of undiagnosed persistent or recurring abnormal
vaginal bleeding. There is no evidence that the use of natural estrogens results
in a different endometrial risk profile than synthetic estrogens of equivalent
estrogen dose. Adding a progestin to estrogen therapy has been shown to reduce
the risk of endometrial hyperplasia, which may be a precursor to endometrial
cancer.
The use of estrogens and progestins by postmenopausal women has
been reported to increase the risk of breast cancer. The most important
randomized clinical trial providing information about this issue is the Women’s
Health Initiative (WHI) substudy of CE/MPA (see , ). The results from
observational studies are generally consistent with those of the WHI clinical
trial and report no significant variation in the risk of breast cancer among
different estrogens or progestins, doses, or routes of administration.
The CE/MPA substudy of WHI reported an increased risk of breast cancer in
women who took CE/MPA for a mean follow-up of 5.6 years. Observational studies
have also reported an increased risk for estrogen/progestin combination therapy,
and a smaller increased risk for estrogen alone therapy, after several years of
use. In the WHI trial and from observational studies, the excess risk increased
with duration of use. From observational studies, the risk appeared to return to
baseline in about five years after stopping treatment. In addition,
observational studies suggest that the risk of breast cancer was greater, and
became apparent earlier, with estrogen/progestin combination therapy as compared
to estrogen alone therapy.
In the CE/MPA substudy, 26% of the women reported prior use of estrogen alone
and/or estrogen/progestin combination hormone therapy. After a mean follow-up of
5.6 years during the clinical trial, the overall relative risk of invasive
breast cancer was 1.24 (95% confidence interval 1.01-1.54), and the overall
absolute risk was 41 vs 33 cases per 10,000 women-years, for CE/MPA compared
with placebo. Among women who reported prior use of hormone therapy, the
relative risk of invasive breast cancer was 1.86, and the absolute risk was 46
vs 25 cases per 10,000 women-years, for CE/MPA compared with placebo. Among
women who reported no prior use of hormone therapy, the relative risk of
invasive breast cancer was 1.09, and the absolute risk was 40 vs 36 cases per
10,000 women-years for CE/MPA compared with placebo. In the same substudy,
invasive breast cancers were larger and diagnosed at a more advanced stage in
the CE/MPA group compared with the placebo group. Metastatic disease was rare
with no apparent difference between the two groups. Other prognostic factors
such as histologic subtype, grade and hormone receptor status did not differ
between the groups.
The use of estrogen plus progestin has been reported to result in an increase
in abnormal mammograms requiring further evaluation. All women should receive
yearly breast examinations by a healthcare provider and perform monthly breast
self-examinations. In addition, mammography examinations should be scheduled
based on patient age, risk factors, and prior mammogram results.
In the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS), 4,532
generally healthy postmenopausal women 65 years of age and older were studied,
of whom 35% were 70 to 74 years of age and 18% were 75 or older. After an
average follow-up of 4 years, 40 women being treated with CE/MPA (1.8%, n =
2,229) and 21 women in the placebo group (0.9%, n = 2,303) received diagnoses of
probable dementia. The relative risk for CE/MPA versus placebo was 2.05 (95%
confidence interval 1.21 – 3.48), and was similar for women with and without
histories of menopausal hormone use before WHIMS. The absolute risk of probable
dementia for CE/MPA versus placebo was 45 versus 22 cases per 10,000
women-years, and the absolute excess risk for CE/MPA was 23 cases per 10,000
women-years. It is unknown whether these findings apply to younger
postmenopausal women. (Seeand .
It is unknown whether these findings apply to estrogen alone therapy.
A 2- to 4-fold increase in the risk of gallbladder disease
requiring surgery in postmenopausal women receiving estrogens has been
reported.
Estrogen administration may lead to severe hypercalcemia in
patients with breast cancer and bone metastases. If hypercalcemia occurs, use of
the drug should be stopped and appropriate measures taken to reduce the serum
calcium level.
Retinal vascular thrombosis has been reported in patients
receiving estrogens. Discontinue medication pending examination if there is
sudden partial or complete loss of vision, or a sudden onset of proptosis,
diplopia or migraine. If examination reveals papilledema or retinal vascular
lesions, estrogens should be permanently discontinued.
What might happen if I take too much Estradiol?
Serious ill effects have not been reported following acute ingestion of large
doses of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives by young children. Overdosage
of estrogen may cause nausea and vomiting, and withdrawal bleeding may occur in
females.
How should I store and handle Estradiol?
GEODON for Injection should be stored at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15–30°C (59–86°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature] in dry form. Protect from light. Following reconstitution, GEODON for Injection can be stored, when protected from light, for up to 24 hours at 15°–30°C (59°–86°F) or up to 7 days refrigerated, 2°–8°C (36°–46°F).Estradiol Tablets, USP are available as:Store at 20º to 25º C (68º to 77ºF) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].Dispense with a child-resistant closure in a tight, light-resistant container.Estradiol Tablets, USP are available as:Store at 20º to 25º C (68º to 77ºF) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].Dispense with a child-resistant closure in a tight, light-resistant container.Estradiol Tablets, USP are available as:Store at 20º to 25º C (68º to 77ºF) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].Dispense with a child-resistant closure in a tight, light-resistant container.
Clinical Information
Chemical Structure
No Image foundClinical Pharmacology
Endogenous estrogens are largely responsible for the development
and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sexual
characteristics. Although circulating estrogens exist in a dynamic equilibrium
of metabolic interconversions, estradiol is the principal intracellular human
estrogen and is substantially more potent than its metabolites, estrone and
estriol at the receptor level.
The primary source of estrogen in normally cycling adult women is the ovarian
follicle, which secretes 70 to 500 mcg of estradiol daily, depending on the
phase of the menstrual cycle. After menopause, most endogenous estrogen is
produced by conversion of androstenedione, secreted by the adrenal cortex, to
estrone by peripheral tissues. Thus, estrone and the sulfate-conjugated form,
estrone sulfate, are the most abundant circulating estrogens in postmenopausal
women.
Estrogens act through binding to nuclear receptors in estrogen-responsive
tissues. To date, two estrogen receptors have been identified. These vary in
proportion from tissue to tissue.
Circulating estrogens modulate the pituitary secretion of the gonadotropins,
luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), through a
negative feedback mechanism. Estrogens act to reduce the elevated levels of
these hormones seen in postmenopausal women.
The distribution of exogenous estrogens is similar to that of
endogenous estrogens. Estrogens are widely distributed in the body and are
generally found in higher concentrations in the sex hormone target organs.
Estrogens circulate in the blood largely bound to sex hormone binding globulin
(SHBG) and albumin.
Exogenous estrogens are metabolized in the same manner as
endogenous estrogens. Circulating estrogens exist in a dynamic equilibrium of
metabolic interconversions. These transformations take place mainly in the
liver. Estradiol is converted reversibly to estrone, and both can be converted
to estriol, which is the major urinary metabolite. Estrogens also undergo
enterohepatic recirculation via sulfate and glucuronide conjugation in the
liver, biliary secretion of conjugates into the intestine, and hydrolysis in the
gut followed by reabsorption. In postmenopausal women, a significant proportion
of the circulating estrogens exist as sulfate conjugates, especially estrone
sulfate, which serves as a circulating reservoir for the formation of more
active estrogens.
Estradiol, estrone, and estriol are excreted in the urine along
with glucuronide and sulfate conjugates.
No pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in special populations,
including patients with renal or hepatic impairment.
In vitro
in
vivo
Non-Clinical Toxicology
Estrogens should not be used in individuals with any of the following conditions:See
Estrogen and estrogen/progestin therapy has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke, as well as venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (venous thromboembolism or VTE). Should any of these occur or be suspected estrogens should be discontinued immediately.
Risk factors for arterial vascular disease (e.g., hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tobacco use, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity) and/or venous thromboembolism (e.g., personal history or family history of VTE, obesity, and systemic lupus erythematosus) should be managed appropriately.
In the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study, an increase in the number of myocardial infarctions and strokes has been observed in women receiving CE compared to placebo. These observations are preliminary, and the study is continuing (See .)
In the CE/MPA substudy of WHI, an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) events (defined as nonfatal myocardial infarction and CHD death) was observed in women receiving CE/MPA compared to women receiving placebo (37 vs 30 per 10,000 person years). The increase in risk was observed in year one and persisted.
In the same substudy of WHI, an increased risk of stroke was observed in women receiving CE/MPA compared to women receiving placebo (29 vs 21 per 10,000 women-years). The increase in risk was observed after the first year and persisted.
In postmenopausal women with documented heart disease (n = 2,763, average age 66.7 years) a controlled clinical trial of secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study; HERS) treatment with CE/MPA (0.625 mg/2.5 mg per day) demonstrated no cardiovascular benefit. During an average follow-up of 4.1 years, treatment with CE/MPA did not reduce the overall rate of CHD events in postmenopausal women with established coronary heart disease. There were more CHD events in the CE/MPA-treated group than in the placebo group in year 1, but not during the subsequent years. Two thousand three hundred and twenty one women from the original HERS trial agreed to participate in an open label extension of HERS, HERS II. Average follow-up in HERS II was an additional 2.7 years, for a total of 6.8 years overall. Rates of CHD events were comparable among women in the CE/MPA group and the placebo group in HERS, HERS II, and overall.
Large doses of estrogen (5 mg conjugated estrogens per day), comparable to those used to treat cancer of the prostate and breast, have been shown in a large prospective clinical trial in men to increase the risks of nonfatal myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and thrombophlebitis.
In the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study, an increase in VTE has been observed in women receiving CE compared to placebo. These observations are preliminary, and the study is continuing. (See .)
In the CE/MPA substudy of WHI, a 2fold greater rate of VTE, including deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, was observed in women receiving CE/MPA compared to women receiving placebo. The rate of VTE was 34 per 10,000 womenyears in the CE/MPA group compared to 16 per 10,000 womenyears in the placebo group. The increase in VTE risk was observed during the first year and persisted.
If feasible, estrogens should be discontinued at least 4 to 6 weeks before surgery of the type associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism, or during periods of prolonged immobilization.
The use of unopposed estrogens in women with intact uteri has been associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer. The reported endometrial cancer risk among unopposed estrogen users is about 2- to 12- fold greater than in non-users, and appears dependent on duration of treatment and on estrogen dose. Most studies show no significant increased risk associated with use of estrogens for less than one year. The greatest risk appears associated with prolonged use—with increased risks of 15- to 24-fold for five to ten years or more—and this risk persists for 8 to over 15 years after estrogen therapy is discontinued.
Clinical surveillance of all women taking estrogen/progestin combinations is important (see ). Adequate diagnostic measures, including endometrial sampling when indicated, should be undertaken to rule out malignancy in all cases of undiagnosed persistent or recurring abnormal vaginal bleeding. There is no evidence that the use of natural estrogens results in a different endometrial risk profile than synthetic estrogens of equivalent estrogen dose. Adding a progestin to estrogen therapy has been shown to reduce the risk of endometrial hyperplasia, which may be a precursor to endometrial cancer.
The use of estrogens and progestins by postmenopausal women has been reported to increase the risk of breast cancer. The most important randomized clinical trial providing information about this issue is the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) substudy of CE/MPA (see , ). The results from observational studies are generally consistent with those of the WHI clinical trial and report no significant variation in the risk of breast cancer among different estrogens or progestins, doses, or routes of administration.
The CE/MPA substudy of WHI reported an increased risk of breast cancer in women who took CE/MPA for a mean follow-up of 5.6 years. Observational studies have also reported an increased risk for estrogen/progestin combination therapy, and a smaller increased risk for estrogen alone therapy, after several years of use. In the WHI trial and from observational studies, the excess risk increased with duration of use. From observational studies, the risk appeared to return to baseline in about five years after stopping treatment. In addition, observational studies suggest that the risk of breast cancer was greater, and became apparent earlier, with estrogen/progestin combination therapy as compared to estrogen alone therapy.
In the CE/MPA substudy, 26% of the women reported prior use of estrogen alone and/or estrogen/progestin combination hormone therapy. After a mean follow-up of 5.6 years during the clinical trial, the overall relative risk of invasive breast cancer was 1.24 (95% confidence interval 1.01-1.54), and the overall absolute risk was 41 vs 33 cases per 10,000 women-years, for CE/MPA compared with placebo. Among women who reported prior use of hormone therapy, the relative risk of invasive breast cancer was 1.86, and the absolute risk was 46 vs 25 cases per 10,000 women-years, for CE/MPA compared with placebo. Among women who reported no prior use of hormone therapy, the relative risk of invasive breast cancer was 1.09, and the absolute risk was 40 vs 36 cases per 10,000 women-years for CE/MPA compared with placebo. In the same substudy, invasive breast cancers were larger and diagnosed at a more advanced stage in the CE/MPA group compared with the placebo group. Metastatic disease was rare with no apparent difference between the two groups. Other prognostic factors such as histologic subtype, grade and hormone receptor status did not differ between the groups.
The use of estrogen plus progestin has been reported to result in an increase in abnormal mammograms requiring further evaluation. All women should receive yearly breast examinations by a healthcare provider and perform monthly breast self-examinations. In addition, mammography examinations should be scheduled based on patient age, risk factors, and prior mammogram results.
In the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS), 4,532 generally healthy postmenopausal women 65 years of age and older were studied, of whom 35% were 70 to 74 years of age and 18% were 75 or older. After an average follow-up of 4 years, 40 women being treated with CE/MPA (1.8%, n = 2,229) and 21 women in the placebo group (0.9%, n = 2,303) received diagnoses of probable dementia. The relative risk for CE/MPA versus placebo was 2.05 (95% confidence interval 1.21 – 3.48), and was similar for women with and without histories of menopausal hormone use before WHIMS. The absolute risk of probable dementia for CE/MPA versus placebo was 45 versus 22 cases per 10,000 women-years, and the absolute excess risk for CE/MPA was 23 cases per 10,000 women-years. It is unknown whether these findings apply to younger postmenopausal women. (Seeand .
It is unknown whether these findings apply to estrogen alone therapy.
A 2- to 4-fold increase in the risk of gallbladder disease requiring surgery in postmenopausal women receiving estrogens has been reported.
Estrogen administration may lead to severe hypercalcemia in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases. If hypercalcemia occurs, use of the drug should be stopped and appropriate measures taken to reduce the serum calcium level.
Retinal vascular thrombosis has been reported in patients receiving estrogens. Discontinue medication pending examination if there is sudden partial or complete loss of vision, or a sudden onset of proptosis, diplopia or migraine. If examination reveals papilledema or retinal vascular lesions, estrogens should be permanently discontinued.
1.
Studies of the addition of a progestin for 10 or more days of a cycle of estrogen administration, or daily with estrogen in a continuous regimen, have reported a lowered incidence of endometrial hyperplasia than would be induced by estrogen treatment alone. Endometrial hyperplasia may be a precursor to endometrial cancer.
There are, however, possible risks which may be associated with the use of progestins with estrogens compared to estrogen-alone regimens. These include a possible increased risk of breast cancer.
2.
In a small number of case reports, substantial increases in blood pressure have been attributed to idiosyncratic reactions to estrogens. In a large, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, a generalized effect of estrogens on blood pressure was not seen. Blood pressure should be monitored at regular intervals with estrogen use.
3.
In patients with pre-existing hypertriglyceridemia, estrogen therapy may be associated with elevations of plasma triglycerides leading to pancreatitis and other complications.
4.
Estrogens may be poorly metabolized in patients with impaired liver function. For patients with a history of cholestatic jaundice associated with past estrogen use or with pregnancy, caution should be exercised and in the case of recurrence, medication should be discontinued.
5.
Estrogen administration leads to increased thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) levels. Patients with normal thyroid function can compensate for the increased TBG by making more thyroid hormone, thus maintaining free T and T serum concentrations in the normal range. Patients dependent on thyroid hormone replacement therapy who are also receiving estrogens may require increased doses of their thyroid replacement therapy. These patients should have their thyroid function monitored in order to maintain their free thyroid hormone levels in an acceptable range.
6.
Because estrogens may cause some degree of fluid retention, patients with conditions that might be influenced by this factor, such as asthma, epilepsy, migraine, and cardiac or renal dysfunction, warrant careful observation when estrogens are prescribed.
7.
Estrogens should be used with caution in individuals with severe hypocalcemia.
8.
The CE/MPA substudy of WHI reported that estrogen plus progestin increased the risk of ovarian cancer. After an average follow-up of 5.6 years, the relative risk for ovarian cancer for CE/MPA versus placebo was 1.58 (95% confidence interval 0.77 – 3.24) but was not statistically significant. The absolute risk for CE/MPA versus placebo was 4.2 versus 2.7 cases per 10,000 women-years. In some epidemiologic studies, the use of estrogen alone, in particular for ten or more years, has been associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. Other epidemiologic studies have not found these associations.
9.
Endometriosis may be exacerbated with administration of estrogens. A few cases of malignant transformation of residual endometrial implants have been reported in women treated post-hysterectomy with estrogen alone therapy. For patients known to have residual endometriosis post-hysterectomy, the addition of progestin should be considered.
10.
.
Estrogens may cause an exacerbation of asthma, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, migraine or porphyria, systemic lupus erythematosus, and hepatic hemangiomas and should be used with caution in women with these conditions.
Estradiol Tablets, USP, 2 mg, contain FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) which may cause allergic-type reactions (including bronchial asthma) in certain susceptible individuals. Although the overall incidence of FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) sensitivity in the general population is low, it is frequently seen in patients who also have aspirin hypersensitivity.
Physicians are advised to discuss the PATIENT INFORMATION leaflet with patients for whom they prescribe Estradiol Tablets.
Estrogen administration should be initiated at the lowest dose approved for the indication and then guided by clinical response rather than by serum hormone levels (e.g., estradiol, FSH). (See section.)
Long-term continuous administration of estrogen, with and without progestin, in women with and without a uterus, has shown an increased risk of endometrial cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. (See and .)
Long term continuous administration of natural and synthetic estrogens in certain animal species increases the frequency of carcinomas of the breast, uterus, cervix, vagina, testis, and liver.
Estradiol Tablets should not be used during pregnancy. (See .
Estrogen administration to nursing mothers has been shown to decrease the quantity and quality of the milk. Detectable amounts of estrogens have been identified in the milk of mothers receiving this drug. Caution should be exercised when estradiol is administered to a nursing woman.
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established. Large and repeated doses of estrogen over an extended period of time have been shown to accelerate epiphyseal closure, resulting in short adult stature if treatment is initiated before the completion of physiologic puberty in normally developing children. In patients in whom bone growth is not complete, periodic monitoring of bone maturation and effects on epiphyseal centers is recommended.
Estrogen treatment of prepubertal children also induces premature breast development and vaginal cornification, and may potentially induce vaginal bleeding in girls. In boys, estrogen treatment may modify the normal pubertal process. All other physiological and adverse reactions shown to be associated with estrogen treatment of adults could potentially occur in the pediatric population, including thromboembolic disorders and growth stimulation of certain tumors. Therefore, estrogens should only be administered to pediatric patients when clearly indicated and the lowest effective dose should always be utilized.
The safety and efficacy of estradiol tablets in geriatric patients has not been established. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greatest frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
In the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study, including 4,532 women 65 years of age and older, followed for an average of 4 years, 82% (n = 3,729) were 65 to 74 while 18% (n = 803) were 75 and over. Most women (80%) had no prior hormone therapy use. Women treated with conjugated estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate were reported to have a two-fold increase in the risk of developing probable dementia. Alzheimer’s disease was the most common classification of probable dementia in both the conjugated estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate group and the placebo group. Ninety percent of the cases of probable dementia occurred in the 54% of women that were older than 70. (See.
It is unknown whether these findings apply to estrogen alone therapy.
See , and .
The following additional adverse reactions have been reported with estrogen and/or progestin therapy.
1. Genitourinary system
Changes in vaginal bleeding pattern and abnormal withdrawal bleeding or flow; breakthrough bleeding, spotting, dysmenorrheaIncrease in size of uterine leiomyomataVaginitis, including vaginal candidiasisChange in amount of cervical secretionChanges in cervical ectropionOvarian cancer; endometrial hyperplasia; endometrial cancer
2. Breasts
Tenderness, enlargement, pain, nipple discharge, galactorrhea; fibrocystic breast changes; breast cancer
3. Cardiovascular
Deep and superficial venous thrombosis; pulmonary embolism; thrombophlebitis; myocardial infarction; stroke; increase in blood pressure
4. Gastrointestinal
Nausea, vomitingAbdominal cramps, bloatingCholestatic jaundiceIncreased incidence of gallbladder diseasePancreatitisEnlargement of hepatic hemangiomas
5. Skin
Chloasma or melasma that may persist when drug is discontinuedErythema multiformeErythema nodosumHemorrhagic eruptionLoss of scalp hairHirsutismPruritus, rash
6. Eyes
Retinal vascular thrombosisSteepening of corneal curvatureIntolerance to contact lenses
7. Central Nervous System
Headache, migraine, dizzinessMental depressionChoreaNervousness, mood disturbances, irritabilityExacerbation of epilepsyDementia
8. Miscellaneous
Increase or decrease in weightReduced carbohydrate toleranceAggravation of porphyriaEdemaArthralgias; leg crampsChanges in libidoUrticariaAngioedemaAnaphylactoid/anaphylactic reactionsHypocalcemiaExacerbation of asthmaIncreased triglycerides
Reference
This information is obtained from the National Institute of Health's Standard Packaging Label drug database.
"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/"
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Clonazepam Description Each single-scored tablet, for oral administration, contains 0.5 mg, 1 mg, or 2 mg Clonazepam, USP, a benzodiazepine. Each tablet also contains corn starch, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and povidone. Clonazepam tablets USP 0.5 mg contain Yellow D&C No. 10 Aluminum Lake. Clonazepam tablets USP 1 mg contain Yellow D&C No. 10 Aluminum Lake, as well as FD&C Blue No. 1 Aluminum Lake. Chemically, Clonazepam, USP is 5-(o-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-7-nitro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. It is a light yellow crystalline powder. It has the following structural formula: C15H10ClN3O3 M.W. 315.72Tips
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A total of 440 drugs (1549 brand and generic names) are known to interact with Imbruvica (ibrutinib). 228 major drug interactions (854 brand and generic names) 210 moderate drug interactions (691 brand and generic names) 2 minor drug interactions (4 brand and generic names) Show all medications in the database that may interact with Imbruvica (ibrutinib).