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Otrexup

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Overview

What is Otrexup?

Otrexup contains methotrexate, a folate analog metabolic inhibitor.

Chemically, methotrexate is [N-[4-[[(2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl]methylamino]benzoyl]-Lglutamic acid. The structural formula is:

CHNO M.W.= 454.45

Otrexup contains methotrexate in a sterile, preservative-free, unbuffered solution with a 27 gauge ½ inch needle for a single subcutaneous injection. Otrexup solution is yellow in color.

Inactive ingredients include sodium chloride and water for injection, USP. The amounts of sodium chloride vary with the amount of methotrexate.

Hydrochloric acid and additional sodium hydroxide may have been added, if necessary, to adjust the pH to 8.0.



What does Otrexup look like?



What are the available doses of Otrexup?

Injection: Single-dose auto-injector delivering 0.4 mL of methotrexate in the following dosage strengths: 10 mg, 12.5 mg, 15 mg, 17.5 mg, 20mg, 22.5 mg and 25 mg ().

What should I talk to my health care provider before I take Otrexup?

How should I use Otrexup?

Otrexup is indicated in the management of selected adults with severe, active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (ACR criteria), or children with active polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA), who have had an insufficient therapeutic response to, or are intolerant of, an adequate trial of first-line therapy including full dose non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs).

Otrexup is a single-dose auto-injector for once-weekly subcutaneous use only . Administer Otrexup in the abdomen or the thigh. Otrexup is available in the following dosage strengths: 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5 and 25 mg. Use another formulation of methotrexate for alternative dosing in patients who require oral, intramuscular, intravenous, intra-arterial, or intrathecal dosing, doses less than 10 mg per week, doses more than 25 mg per week, high-dose regimens, or dose adjustments between the available doses.


What interacts with Otrexup?

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What are the warnings of Otrexup?

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What are the precautions of Otrexup?

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What are the side effects of Otrexup?

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What should I look out for while using Otrexup?

Otrexup is contraindicated in the following:



Otrexup can cause fetal death or teratogenic effects when administered to a pregnant woman.

Otrexup is contraindicated in pregnant women. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus



Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions from methotrexate in breast fed infants, Otrexup is contraindicated in nursing mothers



Patients with alcoholism, alcoholic liver disease or other chronic liver disease [see ].



Patients who have overt or laboratory evidence of immunodeficiency syndromes [].



Patients who have preexisting blood dyscrasias, such as bone marrow hypoplasia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or significant anemia



Patients with a known hypersensitivity to methotrexate. Severe hypersensitivity reactions have been observed with methotrexate use


What might happen if I take too much Otrexup?

Leucovorin is indicated to diminish the toxicity and counteract the effect of inadvertently administered overdosages of methotrexate. Leucovorin administration should begin as promptly as possible. As the time interval between methotrexate administration and leucovorin initiation increases, the effectiveness of leucovorin in counteracting toxicity decreases. Monitoring of the serum methotrexate concentration is essential in determining the optimal dose and duration of treatment with leucovorin.

In cases of massive overdosage, hydration and urinary alkalinization may be necessary to prevent the precipitation of methotrexate and/or its metabolites in the renal tubules. Generally speaking, neither hemodialysis nor peritoneal dialysis has been shown to improve methotrexate elimination. However, effective clearance of methotrexate has been reported with acute, intermittent hemodialysis using a high-flux dialyzer (Wall, SM et al: 28 (6): 846-854, 1996).

Accidental intrathecal overdosage may require intensive systemic support, high-dose systemic leucovorin, alkaline diuresis and rapid CSF drainage and ventriculolumbar perfusion.

In postmarketing experience, overdose with methotrexate has generally occurred with oral and intrathecal administration, although intravenous and intramuscular overdose have also been reported.

Reports of oral overdose often indicate accidental daily administration instead of weekly (single or divided doses). Symptoms commonly reported following oral overdose include those symptoms and signs reported at pharmacologic doses, particularly hematologic and gastrointestinal reaction. For example, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, pancytopenia, bone marrow suppression, mucositis, stomatitis, oral ulceration, nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal ulceration, gastrointestinal bleeding. In some cases, no symptoms were reported.

There have been reports of death following overdose. In these cases, events such as sepsis or septic shock, renal failure, and aplastic anemia were also reported.

Symptoms of intrathecal overdose are generally central nervous system (CNS) symptoms, including headache, nausea and vomiting, seizure or convulsion, and acute toxic encephalopathy. In some cases, no symptoms were reported. There have been reports of death following intrathecal overdose. In these cases, cerebellar herniation associated with increased intracranial pressure, and acute toxic encephalopathy have also been reported.

There are published case reports of intravenous and intrathecal carboxypeptidase G2 treatment to hasten clearance of methotrexate in cases of overdose.


How should I store and handle Otrexup?

Otrexup contains methotrexate in a preservative-free sterile solution for a single subcutaneous injection. Otrexup is available in the following strengths and configurations.Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Store at controlled room temperature, 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F). PROTECT FROM LIGHT.Handling and DisposalHandle and dispose of Otrexup consistent with recommendations for handling and disposal of cytotoxic drugs. Otrexup contains methotrexate in a preservative-free sterile solution for a single subcutaneous injection. Otrexup is available in the following strengths and configurations.Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Store at controlled room temperature, 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F). PROTECT FROM LIGHT.Handling and DisposalHandle and dispose of Otrexup consistent with recommendations for handling and disposal of cytotoxic drugs. Otrexup contains methotrexate in a preservative-free sterile solution for a single subcutaneous injection. Otrexup is available in the following strengths and configurations.Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Store at controlled room temperature, 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F). PROTECT FROM LIGHT.Handling and DisposalHandle and dispose of Otrexup consistent with recommendations for handling and disposal of cytotoxic drugs. Otrexup contains methotrexate in a preservative-free sterile solution for a single subcutaneous injection. Otrexup is available in the following strengths and configurations.Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Store at controlled room temperature, 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F). PROTECT FROM LIGHT.Handling and DisposalHandle and dispose of Otrexup consistent with recommendations for handling and disposal of cytotoxic drugs. Otrexup contains methotrexate in a preservative-free sterile solution for a single subcutaneous injection. Otrexup is available in the following strengths and configurations.Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Store at controlled room temperature, 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F). PROTECT FROM LIGHT.Handling and DisposalHandle and dispose of Otrexup consistent with recommendations for handling and disposal of cytotoxic drugs. Otrexup contains methotrexate in a preservative-free sterile solution for a single subcutaneous injection. Otrexup is available in the following strengths and configurations.Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Store at controlled room temperature, 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F). PROTECT FROM LIGHT.Handling and DisposalHandle and dispose of Otrexup consistent with recommendations for handling and disposal of cytotoxic drugs. Otrexup contains methotrexate in a preservative-free sterile solution for a single subcutaneous injection. Otrexup is available in the following strengths and configurations.Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Store at controlled room temperature, 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F). PROTECT FROM LIGHT.Handling and DisposalHandle and dispose of Otrexup consistent with recommendations for handling and disposal of cytotoxic drugs. Otrexup contains methotrexate in a preservative-free sterile solution for a single subcutaneous injection. Otrexup is available in the following strengths and configurations.Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Store at controlled room temperature, 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F). PROTECT FROM LIGHT.Handling and DisposalHandle and dispose of Otrexup consistent with recommendations for handling and disposal of cytotoxic drugs. Otrexup contains methotrexate in a preservative-free sterile solution for a single subcutaneous injection. Otrexup is available in the following strengths and configurations.Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Store at controlled room temperature, 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F). PROTECT FROM LIGHT.Handling and DisposalHandle and dispose of Otrexup consistent with recommendations for handling and disposal of cytotoxic drugs. Otrexup contains methotrexate in a preservative-free sterile solution for a single subcutaneous injection. Otrexup is available in the following strengths and configurations.Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Store at controlled room temperature, 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F). PROTECT FROM LIGHT.Handling and DisposalHandle and dispose of Otrexup consistent with recommendations for handling and disposal of cytotoxic drugs. Otrexup contains methotrexate in a preservative-free sterile solution for a single subcutaneous injection. Otrexup is available in the following strengths and configurations.Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Otrexup (methotrexate) injection Store at controlled room temperature, 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F). PROTECT FROM LIGHT.Handling and DisposalHandle and dispose of Otrexup consistent with recommendations for handling and disposal of cytotoxic drugs.


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Clinical Information

Chemical Structure

No Image found
Clinical Pharmacology

Methotrexate inhibits dihydrofolic acid reductase. Dihydrofolates must be reduced to tetrahydrofolates by this enzyme before they can be utilized as carriers of one-carbon groups in the synthesis of purine nucleotides and thymidylate. Therefore, methotrexate interferes with DNA synthesis, repair, and cellular replication. Actively proliferating tissues such as malignant cells, bone marrow, fetal cells, buccal and intestinal mucosa, and cells of the urinary bladder are in general more sensitive to this effect of methotrexate.

The mechanism of action in rheumatoid arthritis is unknown; it may affect immune function.

Non-Clinical Toxicology
Otrexup is contraindicated in the following:



Otrexup can cause fetal death or teratogenic effects when administered to a pregnant woman.

Otrexup is contraindicated in pregnant women. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus



Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions from methotrexate in breast fed infants, Otrexup is contraindicated in nursing mothers



Patients with alcoholism, alcoholic liver disease or other chronic liver disease [see ].



Patients who have overt or laboratory evidence of immunodeficiency syndromes [].



Patients who have preexisting blood dyscrasias, such as bone marrow hypoplasia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or significant anemia



Patients with a known hypersensitivity to methotrexate. Severe hypersensitivity reactions have been observed with methotrexate use

Otrexup should be used only by physicians whose knowledge and experience include the use of antimetabolite therapy. Because of the possibility of serious toxic reactions (which can be fatal), Otrexup should be used only in patients with psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis with severe, recalcitrant, disabling disease which is not adequately responsive to other forms of therapy.

Deaths have been reported with the use of methotrexate in the treatment of malignancy, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Patients should be closely monitored for bone marrow, liver, lung and kidney toxicities.

Otrexup has the potential for serious toxicity. Toxic effects may be related in frequency and severity to dose or frequency of administration but have been seen at all doses. Because they can occur at any time during therapy, it is necessary to follow patients on Otrexup closely. Most adverse reactions are reversible if detected early. When such reactions do occur, the drug should be reduced in dosage or discontinued and appropriate corrective measures should be taken. If necessary, this could include the use of leucovorin calcium and/or acute, intermittent hemodialysis with a high-flux dialyzer . If Otrexup therapy is reinstituted, it should be carried out with caution, with adequate consideration of further need for the drug and increased alertness as to possible recurrence of toxicity.

The clinical pharmacology of methotrexate has not been well studied in older individuals. Due to diminished hepatic and renal function as well as decreased folate stores in this population, relatively low doses should be considered, and these patients should be closely monitored for early signs of toxicity

Gastrointestinal:

Diarrhea and ulcerative stomatitis require interruption of therapy: otherwise, hemorrhagic enteritis and death from intestinal perforation may occur.

If vomiting, diarrhea, or stomatitis occur, which may result in dehydration, Otrexup should be discontinued until recovery occurs. Otrexup should be used with extreme caution in the presence of peptic ulcer disease or ulcerative colitis.

Unexpectedly severe (sometimes fatal) gastrointestinal toxicity has been reported with concomitant administration of methotrexate (usually in high dosage) along with some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Hematologic:

Otrexup can suppress hematopoiesis and cause anemia, aplastic anemia, pancytopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. In patients with preexisting hematopoietic impairment, Otrexup should be used with caution, if at all. In controlled clinical trials conducted with another formulation of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis (n=128), leukopenia (WBC <3000/mm) was seen in 2 patients, thrombocytopenia (platelets <100,000/mm) in 6 patients, and pancytopenia in 2 patients.

Otrexup should be stopped immediately if there is a significant drop in blood counts. Patients with profound granulocytopenia and fever should be evaluated immediately and usually require parenteral broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy.

Unexpectedly severe (sometimes fatal) bone marrow suppression and aplastic anemia have been reported with concomitant administration of methotrexate (usually in high dosage) along with some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs

Hepatic:

Otrexup has the potential for acute (elevated transaminases) and chronic (fibrosis and cirrhosis) hepatotoxicity. Chronic toxicity is potentially fatal; it generally has occurred after prolonged use (generally two years or more) and after a total dose of at least 1.5 grams. In studies in psoriatic patients, hepatotoxicity appeared to be a function of total cumulative dose and appeared to be enhanced by alcoholism, obesity, diabetes and advanced age. An accurate incidence rate has not been determined; the rate of progression and reversibility of lesions is not known. Special caution is indicated in the presence of preexisting liver damage or impaired hepatic function.

In psoriasis, liver function tests, including serum albumin, should be performed periodically prior to dosing but are often normal in the face of developing fibrosis or cirrhosis. These lesions may be detectable only by biopsy. The usual recommendation is to obtain a liver biopsy at 1) pretherapy or shortly after initiation of therapy (2 to 4 months), 2) a total cumulative dose of 1.5 grams, and 3) after each additional 1.0 to 1.5 grams. Moderate fibrosis or any cirrhosis normally leads to discontinuation of the drug; mild fibrosis normally suggests a repeat biopsy in 6 months.

Milder histologic findings such as fatty change and low grade portal inflammation, are relatively common pretherapy. Although these mild changes are usually not a reason to avoid or discontinue Otrexup therapy, the drug should be used with caution.

In rheumatoid arthritis, age at first use of methotrexate and duration of therapy have been reported as risk factors for hepatotoxicity; other risk factors, similar to those observed in psoriasis, may be present in rheumatoid arthritis but have not been confirmed to date. Persistent abnormalities in liver function tests may precede appearance of fibrosis or cirrhosis in this population. There is a combined reported experience in 217 rheumatoid arthritis patients with liver biopsies both before and during treatment (after a cumulative dose of at least 1.5 g) and in 714 patients with a biopsy only during treatment. There are 64 (7%) cases of fibrosis and 1 (0.1%) case of cirrhosis. Of the 64 cases of fibrosis, 60 were deemed mild. The reticulin stain is more sensitive for early fibrosis and its use may increase these figures. It is unknown whether even longer use will increase these risks.

Liver function tests should be performed at baseline at 4 to 8 week intervals in patients receiving Otrexup for rheumatoid arthritis. Pretreatment liver biopsy should be performed for patients with a history of excessive alcohol consumption, persistently abnormal baseline liver function test values or chronic hepatitis B or C infection. During therapy, liver biopsy should be performed if there are persistent liver function test abnormalities or there is a decrease in serum albumin below the normal range (in the setting of well controlled rheumatoid arthritis).

If the results of a liver biopsy show mild changes (Roenigk, grades I, II, IIIa), Otrexup may be continued and the patient monitored as per recommendations listed above. Otrexup should be discontinued in any patient who displays persistently abnormal liver function tests and refuses liver biopsy or in any patient whose liver biopsy shows moderate to severe changes (Roenigk grade IIIb or IV).

Infection or Immunologic States:

Otrexup should be used with extreme caution in the presence of active infection, and is contraindicated in patients with overt or laboratory evidence of immunodeficiency syndromes.

Immunization may be ineffective when given during Otrexup therapy. Immunization with live virus vaccines is generally not recommended. There have been reports of disseminated vaccinia infections after smallpox immunizations in patients receiving methotrexate therapy. Hypogammaglobulinemia has been reported rarely.

Potentially fatal opportunistic infections, especially pneumonia, may occur with Otrexup therapy. When a patient presents with pulmonary symptoms, the possibility of pneumonia should be considered.

Neurologic:

There have been reports of leukoencephalopathy following intravenous administration of methotrexate to patients who have had craniospinal irradiation. Serious neurotoxicity, frequently manifested as generalized or focal seizures, has been reported with unexpectedly increased frequency among pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who were treated with intermediate-dose intravenous methotrexate (1 gm/m). Symptomatic patients were commonly noted to have leukoencephalopathy and/or microangiopathic calcifications on diagnostic imaging studies. Chronic leukoencephalopathy has also been reported in patients who received repeated doses of high-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue even without cranial irradiation.

Discontinuation of methotrexate does not always result in complete recovery. A transient acute neurologic syndrome has been observed in patients treated with high dose regimens. Manifestations of this stroke-like encephalopathy may include confusion, hemiparesis, transient blindness, seizures and coma. The exact cause is unknown. After the intrathecal use of methotrexate, the central nervous system toxicity which may occur can be classified as follows: acute chemical arachnoiditis manifested by such symptoms as headache, back pain, nuchal rigidity, and fever; sub-acute myelopathy characterized by paraparesis/paraplegia associated with involvement with one or more spinal nerve roots; chronic leukoencephalopathy manifested by confusion, irritability, somnolence, ataxia, dementia, seizures and coma. This condition can be progressive and even fatal.

Pulmonary:

Methotrexate-induced lung disease, including acute or chronic interstitial pneumonitis, is a potentially dangerous lesion, which may occur acutely at any time during therapy and has been reported at low doses. It is not always fully reversible and fatalities have been reported.

Pulmonary symptoms (especially a dry nonproductive cough) or a non-specific pneumonitis occurring during Otrexup therapy may be indicative of a potentially dangerous lesion and require interruption of treatment and careful investigation. Although clinically variable, the typical patient with methotrexate induced lung disease presents with fever, cough, dyspnea, hypoxemia, and an infiltrate on chest X-ray; infection (including pneumonia) needs to be excluded. This lesion can occur at all dosages.

Renal:

Otrexup may cause renal damage that may lead to acute renal failure. High doses of methotrexate used in the treatment of osteosarcoma may cause renal damage leading to acute renal failure. Nephrotoxicity is due primarily to the precipitation of methotrexate and 7- hydroxymethotrexate in the renal tubules. Close attention to renal function including adequate hydration, urine alkalinization and measurement of serum methotrexate and creatinine levels are essential for safe administration.

Skin:

Severe, occasionally fatal, dermatologic reactions, including toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, exfoliative dermatitis, skin necrosis, and erythema multiforme, have been reported in children and adults, within days of oral, intramuscular, intravenous, or intrathecal methotrexate administration. Reactions were noted after single or multiple low, intermediate, or high doses of methotrexate in patients with neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases.

Lesions of psoriasis may be aggravated by concomitant exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

Radiation dermatitis and sunburn may be “recalled” by the use of methotrexate.

Other precautions:

Otrexup should be used with extreme caution in the presence of debility.

Methotrexate exits slowly from third space compartments (e.g., pleural effusions or ascites). This results in a prolonged terminal plasma half-life and unexpected toxicity. In patients with significant third space accumulations, it is advisable to evacuate the fluid before treatment and to monitor plasma methotrexate levels.

The following adverse reactions are discussed in more detail in other sections of the labeling.

The most frequently reported adverse reactions include ulcerative stomatitis, leukopenia, nausea, and abdominal distress. Other frequently reported adverse reactions are malaise, undue fatigue, chills and fever, dizziness and decreased resistance to infection.

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Reference

This information is obtained from the National Institute of Health's Standard Packaging Label drug database.
"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/"

While we update our database periodically, we cannot guarantee it is always updated to the latest version.

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Clonazepam Description Each single-scored tablet, for oral administration, contains 0.5 mg, 1 mg, or 2 mg Clonazepam, USP, a benzodiazepine. Each tablet also contains corn starch, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and povidone. Clonazepam tablets USP 0.5 mg contain Yellow D&C No. 10 Aluminum Lake. Clonazepam tablets USP 1 mg contain Yellow D&C No. 10 Aluminum Lake, as well as FD&C Blue No. 1 Aluminum Lake. Chemically, Clonazepam, USP is 5-(o-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-7-nitro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. It is a light yellow crystalline powder. It has the following structural formula: C15H10ClN3O3 M.W. 315.72
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Interactions

Interactions

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