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Oxacillin
Overview
What is Oxacillin?
What does Oxacillin look like?
What are the available doses of Oxacillin?
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What should I talk to my health care provider before I take Oxacillin?
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How should I use Oxacillin?
Bacteriologic studies to determine the causative organisms and their susceptibility to oxacillin should always be performed. Duration of therapy varies with the type of severity of infection as well as the overall condition of the patient, therefore it should be determined by the clinical and bacteriological response of the patient. In severe staphylococcal infections, therapy with oxacillin should be continued for at least 14 days. Therapy should be continued for at least 48 hours after the patient has become afebrile, asymptomatic, and cultures are negative. Treatment of endocarditis and osteomyelitis may require a longer duration of therapy.
With intravenous administration, particularly in elderly patients, care should be taken because of the possibility of thrombophlebitis.
What interacts with Oxacillin?
A history of a hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reaction to any penicillin is a contraindication.
What are the warnings of Oxacillin?
Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactic shock with collapse) reactions have occurred in patients receiving penicillin. The incidence of anaphylactic shock in all penicillin-treated patients is between 0.015 and 0.04 percent. Anaphylactic shock resulting in death has occurred in approximately 0.002 percent of the patients treated.
When oxacillin therapy is indicated, it should be initiated only after a comprehensive patient drug and allergy history has been obtained. If an allergic reaction occurs, oxacillin should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted.
Clostridium difficile
C. difficile
C. difficile
C. difficile
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of , and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
What are the precautions of Oxacillin?
General
Oxacillin should generally not be administered to patients with a history of sensitivity to any penicillin. Penicillin should be used with caution in individuals with histories of significant allergies and/or asthma. Whenever allergic reactions occur, penicillin should be withdrawn unless, in the opinion of the physician, the condition being treated is life-threatening and amenable only to penicillin therapy. The use of antibiotics may result in overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms. If new infections due to bacteria or fungi occur, the drug should be discontinued and appropriate measures taken.
Prescribing Oxacillin for Injection, USP in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
Laboratory Tests
Bacteriologic studies to determine the causative organisms and their susceptibility to oxacillin should be performed (See ). In the treatment of suspected staphylococcal infections, therapy should be changed to another active agent if culture tests fail to demonstrate the presence of staphylococci.
Periodic assessment of organ system function including renal, hepatic, and hematopoietic should be made during prolonged therapy with oxacillin.
Blood cultures, white blood cell, and differential cell counts should be obtained prior to initiation of therapy and at least weekly during therapy with oxacillin.
Periodic urinalysis, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine determinations should be performed during therapy with oxacillin and dosage alterations should be considered if these values become elevated. If any impairment of renal function is suspected or known to exist, a reduction in the total dosage should be considered and blood levels monitored to avoid possible neurotoxic reactions.
AST (SGOT) and ALT (SGPT) values should be obtained periodically during therapy to monitor for possible liver function abnormalities.
Drug Interactions
Tetracycline, a bacteriostatic antibiotic, may antagonize the bactericidal effect of penicillin and concurrent use of these drugs should be avoided.
Oxacillin blood levels may be increased and prolonged by concurrent administration of probenecid which blocks the renal tubular secretion of penicillins. Probenecid decreases the apparent volume of distribution and slows the rate of excretion by competitively inhibiting renal tubular secretion of penicillins.
Oxacillin-probenecid therapy should be limited to those infections where very high serum levels of oxacillin are necessary.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
No long-term animal studies have been conducted with these drugs. Studies on reproduction (nafcillin) in rats and rabbits reveal no fetal or maternal abnormalities before conception and continuously through weaning (one generation).
Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects
Pregnancy Category B
Reproduction studies performed in the mouse, rat, and rabbit have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to the penicillinase-resistant penicillins. Human experience with the penicillins during pregnancy has not shown any positive evidence of adverse effects on the fetus. There are, however, no adequate or well-controlled studies in pregnant women showing conclusively that harmful effects of these drugs on the fetus can be excluded. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Nursing Mothers
Penicillins are excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when penicillins are administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric Use
Because of incompletely developed renal function in pediatric patients, oxacillin may not be completely excreted, with abnormally high blood levels resulting. Frequent blood levels are advisable in this group with dosage adjustments when necessary. All pediatric patients treated with penicillins should be monitored closely for clinical and laboratory evidence of toxic or adverse effects. Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric Use
Clinical studies of oxacillin for injection did not include sufficient number of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
Oxacillin for Injection contains 64 mg (2.8 mEq) of sodium per gram of oxacillin. At the usual recommended doses, patients would receive between 64 and 384 mg/day (2.8 and 16.7 mEq) of sodium. The geriatric population may respond with a blunted natriuresis to salt loading. This may be clinically important with regard to such diseases as congestive heart failure.
Information for Patients
Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including Oxacillin for Injection, USP should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When Oxacillin for Injection, USP is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may: (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment, and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by Oxacillin for Injection, USP or other antibacterial drugs in the future.
Diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible.
What are the side effects of Oxacillin?
Body as a Whole
The reported incidence of allergic reactions to penicillin ranges from 0.7 to 10 percent (see ). Sensitization is usually the result of treatment but some individuals have had immediate reactions when first treated. In such cases, it is thought that the patients may have had prior exposure to the drug via trace amounts present in milk and vaccines.
Two types of allergic reactions to penicillins are noted clinically, immediate and delayed.
Immediate reactions usually occur within 20 minutes of administration and range in severity from urticaria and pruritus to angioneurotic edema, laryngospasm, bronchospasm, hypotension, vascular collapse, and death. Such immediate anaphylactic reactions are very rare (see ) and usually occur after parenteral therapy but have occurred in patients receiving oral therapy. Another type of immediate reaction, an accelerated reaction, may occur between 20 minutes and 48 hours after administration and may include urticaria, pruritus, and fever. Although laryngeal edema, laryngospasm, and hypotension occasionally occur, fatality is uncommon.
Delayed allergic reactions to penicillin therapy usually occur after 48 hours and sometimes as late as 2 to 4 weeks after initiation of therapy.
Manifestations of this type of reaction include serum sickness-like symptoms (i.e, fever, malaise, urticaria, myalgia, arthralgia, abdominal pain) and various skin rashes. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis, black or hairy tongue, and other symptoms of gastrointestinal irritation may occur, especially during oral penicillin therapy.
Nervous System Reactions
Neurotoxic reactions similar to those observed with penicillin G may occur with large intravenous doses of oxacillin especially with patients with renal insufficiency.
Urogenital Reactions
Renal tubular damage and interstitial nephritis have been associated with the administration of oxacillin. Manifestations of this reaction may include rash, fever, eosinophilia, hematuria, proteinuria, and renal insufficiency. Nephropathy induced by penicillins does not appear to be dose-related and is generally reversible upon prompt discontinuation of therapy.
Gastrointestinal Reactions
Pseudomembranous colitis has been reported with the use of oxacillin. The onset of pseudomembranous colitis symptoms may occur during or after antibiotic treatment (see ).
Metabolic Reactions
Agranulocytosis, neutropenia, and bone marrow depression have been associated with the use of oxacillin. Hepatotoxicity, characterized by fever, nausea, and vomiting associated with abnormal liver function tests, mainly elevated SGOT levels, has been associated with the use of oxacillin.
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
What should I look out for while using Oxacillin?
What might happen if I take too much Oxacillin?
How should I store and handle Oxacillin?
Store VPRIV at 2 °C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F). Do not use VPRIV after the expiration date on the vial. Do not freeze.Protect vial from light.Store VPRIV at 2 °C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F). Do not use VPRIV after the expiration date on the vial. Do not freeze.Protect vial from light.Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets (Imprinted “1490”)Bottles of 100 ……………………………………………………..NDC 62559-149-01Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets (dark green, capsule shaped, sugar-coated oral tablets) contain: 1.25 mg of Esterified Estrogens, USP and 2.5 mg of Methyltestosterone, USP.Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets (Imprinted “1507”)Bottles of 100 ……………………………………………………..NDC 62559-150-01Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets (light green, capsule shaped, sugar-coated oral tablets) contain: 0.625 mg of Esterified Estrogens, USP and 1.25 mg of Methyltestosterone, USP.Keep Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets and Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets out of reach of childrenStore at 20° - 25°C (68° - 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° - 30°C (59° - 86°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]† Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets (Imprinted “1490”)Bottles of 100 ……………………………………………………..NDC 62559-149-01Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets (dark green, capsule shaped, sugar-coated oral tablets) contain: 1.25 mg of Esterified Estrogens, USP and 2.5 mg of Methyltestosterone, USP.Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets (Imprinted “1507”)Bottles of 100 ……………………………………………………..NDC 62559-150-01Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets (light green, capsule shaped, sugar-coated oral tablets) contain: 0.625 mg of Esterified Estrogens, USP and 1.25 mg of Methyltestosterone, USP.Keep Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets and Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets out of reach of childrenStore at 20° - 25°C (68° - 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° - 30°C (59° - 86°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]† Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets (Imprinted “1490”)Bottles of 100 ……………………………………………………..NDC 62559-149-01Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets (dark green, capsule shaped, sugar-coated oral tablets) contain: 1.25 mg of Esterified Estrogens, USP and 2.5 mg of Methyltestosterone, USP.Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets (Imprinted “1507”)Bottles of 100 ……………………………………………………..NDC 62559-150-01Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets (light green, capsule shaped, sugar-coated oral tablets) contain: 0.625 mg of Esterified Estrogens, USP and 1.25 mg of Methyltestosterone, USP.Keep Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets and Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets out of reach of childrenStore at 20° - 25°C (68° - 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° - 30°C (59° - 86°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]† Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets (Imprinted “1490”)Bottles of 100 ……………………………………………………..NDC 62559-149-01Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets (dark green, capsule shaped, sugar-coated oral tablets) contain: 1.25 mg of Esterified Estrogens, USP and 2.5 mg of Methyltestosterone, USP.Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets (Imprinted “1507”)Bottles of 100 ……………………………………………………..NDC 62559-150-01Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets (light green, capsule shaped, sugar-coated oral tablets) contain: 0.625 mg of Esterified Estrogens, USP and 1.25 mg of Methyltestosterone, USP.Keep Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets and Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets out of reach of childrenStore at 20° - 25°C (68° - 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° - 30°C (59° - 86°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]† Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets (Imprinted “1490”)Bottles of 100 ……………………………………………………..NDC 62559-149-01Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets (dark green, capsule shaped, sugar-coated oral tablets) contain: 1.25 mg of Esterified Estrogens, USP and 2.5 mg of Methyltestosterone, USP.Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets (Imprinted “1507”)Bottles of 100 ……………………………………………………..NDC 62559-150-01Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets (light green, capsule shaped, sugar-coated oral tablets) contain: 0.625 mg of Esterified Estrogens, USP and 1.25 mg of Methyltestosterone, USP.Keep Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets and Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets out of reach of childrenStore at 20° - 25°C (68° - 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° - 30°C (59° - 86°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]† Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets (Imprinted “1490”)Bottles of 100 ……………………………………………………..NDC 62559-149-01Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets (dark green, capsule shaped, sugar-coated oral tablets) contain: 1.25 mg of Esterified Estrogens, USP and 2.5 mg of Methyltestosterone, USP.Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets (Imprinted “1507”)Bottles of 100 ……………………………………………………..NDC 62559-150-01Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets (light green, capsule shaped, sugar-coated oral tablets) contain: 0.625 mg of Esterified Estrogens, USP and 1.25 mg of Methyltestosterone, USP.Keep Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets and Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets out of reach of childrenStore at 20° - 25°C (68° - 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° - 30°C (59° - 86°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]† Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets (Imprinted “1490”)Bottles of 100 ……………………………………………………..NDC 62559-149-01Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets (dark green, capsule shaped, sugar-coated oral tablets) contain: 1.25 mg of Esterified Estrogens, USP and 2.5 mg of Methyltestosterone, USP.Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets (Imprinted “1507”)Bottles of 100 ……………………………………………………..NDC 62559-150-01Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets (light green, capsule shaped, sugar-coated oral tablets) contain: 0.625 mg of Esterified Estrogens, USP and 1.25 mg of Methyltestosterone, USP.Keep Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets and Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets out of reach of childrenStore at 20° - 25°C (68° - 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° - 30°C (59° - 86°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]† Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets (Imprinted “1490”)Bottles of 100 ……………………………………………………..NDC 62559-149-01Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets (dark green, capsule shaped, sugar-coated oral tablets) contain: 1.25 mg of Esterified Estrogens, USP and 2.5 mg of Methyltestosterone, USP.Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets (Imprinted “1507”)Bottles of 100 ……………………………………………………..NDC 62559-150-01Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets (light green, capsule shaped, sugar-coated oral tablets) contain: 0.625 mg of Esterified Estrogens, USP and 1.25 mg of Methyltestosterone, USP.Keep Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets and Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets out of reach of childrenStore at 20° - 25°C (68° - 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° - 30°C (59° - 86°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]† Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets (Imprinted “1490”)Bottles of 100 ……………………………………………………..NDC 62559-149-01Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets (dark green, capsule shaped, sugar-coated oral tablets) contain: 1.25 mg of Esterified Estrogens, USP and 2.5 mg of Methyltestosterone, USP.Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets (Imprinted “1507”)Bottles of 100 ……………………………………………………..NDC 62559-150-01Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets (light green, capsule shaped, sugar-coated oral tablets) contain: 0.625 mg of Esterified Estrogens, USP and 1.25 mg of Methyltestosterone, USP.Keep Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Tablets and Esterified Estrogens and Methyltestosterone Half-Strength Tablets out of reach of childrenStore at 20° - 25°C (68° - 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° - 30°C (59° - 86°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]†
Clinical Information
Chemical Structure
No Image foundClinical Pharmacology
Intravenous administration provides peak serum levels approximately 5 minutes after the injection is completed. Slow I.V. administration of 500 mg gives a peak serum level of 43 mcg/mL after 5 minutes with a half-life of 20 to 30 minutes.
Oxacillin sodium, with normal doses, has insignificant concentrations in the cerebrospinal and ascitic fluids. It is found in therapeutic concentrations in the pleural, bile, and amniotic fluids.
Oxacillin sodium is rapidly excreted as unchanged drug in the urine by glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. The elimination half-life for oxacillin is about 0.5 hours. Nonrenal elimination includes hepatic inactivation and excretion in bile.
Oxacillin sodium binds to serum protein, mainly albumin. The degree of protein binding reported varies with the method of study and the investigator, but generally has been found to be 94.2 ± 2.1%.
Probenecid blocks the renal tubular secretion of penicillins. Therefore, the concurrent administration of probenecid prolongs the elimination of oxacillin and, consequently, increases the serum concentration.
Intramuscular injections give peak serum levels 30 minutes after injection. A 250 mg dose gives a level of 5.3 mcg/mL while a 500 mg dose peaks at 10.9 mcg/mL. Intravenous injection gives a peak about 5 minutes after the injection is completed. Slow IV dosing with 500 mg gives a 5 minute peak of 43 mcg/mL with a half-life of 20 to 30 minutes.
Non-Clinical Toxicology
Tetracycline, a bacteriostatic antibiotic, may antagonize the bactericidal effect of penicillin and concurrent use of these drugs should be avoided.Oxacillin blood levels may be increased and prolonged by concurrent administration of probenecid which blocks the renal tubular secretion of penicillins. Probenecid decreases the apparent volume of distribution and slows the rate of excretion by competitively inhibiting renal tubular secretion of penicillins.
Oxacillin-probenecid therapy should be limited to those infections where very high serum levels of oxacillin are necessary.
Oxacillin should generally not be administered to patients with a history of sensitivity to any penicillin. Penicillin should be used with caution in individuals with histories of significant allergies and/or asthma. Whenever allergic reactions occur, penicillin should be withdrawn unless, in the opinion of the physician, the condition being treated is life-threatening and amenable only to penicillin therapy. The use of antibiotics may result in overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms. If new infections due to bacteria or fungi occur, the drug should be discontinued and appropriate measures taken.
Prescribing Oxacillin for Injection, USP in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
Reference
This information is obtained from the National Institute of Health's Standard Packaging Label drug database.
"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/"
While we update our database periodically, we cannot guarantee it is always updated to the latest version.
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